Journal Title: Idlib University Research Journal Issue: Two issues annually DOI: https://doi.org/10.66247/mjmkew57 ISSN: 2790-2374 Year of Publication: 2021 Editor-in-Chief: Professor Dr. Fouad Al-Daoud Publisher: Idlib University Publication Language: Arabic and English Indexed Databases: CrossMark, Google Scholar, ICI Index, Semantic Scholar Indexing Database: CrossRef, CrossMark, ICI World of Journals, Google Scholar, ICI World of Journals, Semantic Scholar, Open Alex Links: CrossRef: https://search.crossref.org/search/works?q=2790-2374&from_ui=yes CrossMark: https://www.crossref.org/services/crossmark/ ICI World of Journals: https://journals.indexcopernicus.com/search/details?id=136257 Google Scholar: https://scholar.google.com/scholar?hl=en&as_sdt=0%2C5&q=Researches+journal+of+Idlib+University&btnG= Semantic Scholar: https://www.semanticscholar.org/search?q=Research%20Journal%20of%20Idlib%20University&sort=relevance Open Alex: https://openalex.org/sources/S7407056309
P- مثالية ضبابية و H- مثالية ضبابية في جبور BCI
في هذا البحث ندرس المثاليّات الضبابية من النوع P والمثاليّات الضبابية من النوع H في جبر BCI بعد استعراض مفاهيم المثالية ، وP- مثالية و H- مثالية ، نفرض المجموعات الضبابية التي تحقق شروطاً مناسبة من النوع P وH، نسميها على الترتيب مثاليّات ضبابية من النوع P ومثاليّات ضبابية من النوع H ولكل مثالية ضبابي من النوع ) P وعلى الترتيب من النوع ( H معرَّف بدالة ضبابية <!-- [if gte msEquation 12]><m:oMath><m:r>f</m:r></m:oMath><![endif]--> <!-- [if gte vml 1]><v:shapetype id="_x0000_t75" coordsize="21600,21600" o:spt="75" o:preferrelative="t" path="m@4@5l@4@11@9@11@9@5xe" filled="f" stroked="f"> <v:stroke joinstyle="miter"/> <v:formulas> <v:f eqn="if lineDrawn pixelLineWidth 0"/> <v:f eqn="sum @0 1 0"/> <v:f eqn="sum 0 0 @1"/> <v:f eqn="prod @2 1 2"/> <v:f eqn="prod @3 21600 pixelWidth"/> <v:f eqn="prod @3 21600 pixelHeight"/> <v:f eqn="sum @0 0 1"/> <v:f eqn="prod @6 1 2"/> <v:f eqn="prod @7 21600 pixelWidth"/> <v:f eqn="sum @8 21600 0"/> <v:f eqn="prod @7 21600 pixelHeight"/> <v:f eqn="sum @10 21600 0"/> </v:formulas> <v:path o:extrusionok="f" gradientshapeok="t" o:connecttype="rect"/> <o:lock v:ext="edit" aspectratio="t"/> </v:shapetype><v:shape id="_x0000_i1025" type="#_x0000_t75" style='width:7.2pt; height:16.2pt'> <v:imagedata src="file:///C:/Users/PC/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image001.png" o:title="" chromakey="white"/> </v:shape><![endif]--> على جبر BCI يرمز له بـ X، ندرس مجموعة المستوى <!-- [if gte msEquation 12]><m:oMath><m:sSub><m:sSubPr><m:ctrlPr></m:ctrlPr></m:sSubPr><m:e><m:r>A</m:r></m:e><m:sub><m:r>f</m:r></m:sub></m:sSub></m:oMath><![endif]--> <!-- [if gte vml 1]><v:shape id="_x0000_i1025" type="#_x0000_t75" style='width:12.6pt;height:17.4pt'> <v:imagedata src="file:///C:/Users/PC/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image003.png" o:title="" chromakey="white"/> </v:shape><![endif]--> ونبرهن أن <!-- [if gte msEquation 12]><m:oMath><m:sSub><m:sSubPr><m:ctrlPr></m:ctrlPr></m:sSubPr><m:e><m:r>A</m:r></m:e><m:sub><m:r>f</m:r></m:sub></m:sSub></m:oMath><![endif]--> <!-- [if gte vml 1]><v:shape id="_x0000_i1025" type="#_x0000_t75" style='width:12.6pt;height:17.4pt'> <v:imagedata src="file:///C:/Users/PC/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image003.png" o:title="" chromakey="white"/> </v:shape><![endif]--> مثالي من النوع) P وعلى الترتيب من النوع ( H في X وبذلك نحصل على ارتباط مباشر بين المثاليّات الضبابية ونظيراتها الكلاسيكية. علاوةً على ذلك، وباستخدام مبرهنة مساعدة بسيطة تتعلّق بـ inf لأسرة من الأعداد الحقيقية، نبيّن أن inf للمثاليّات الضبابية من النوع) P وعلى الترتيب من النوع (H هي بدورها مثاليّات ضبابية من النوع P (وعلى الترتيب من النوع (H كما نقدّم عدّة أمثلة على جبر BCI منتهٍ لتوضيح النتائج الرئيسة. وتوفّر هذه الخصائص البنيوية أدواتٍ أساسيةً للدراسة اللاحقة للسلوك الشبكي للمثاليّات الضبابية من النوعين P وH في جبر BCI.
قاعدة مثلثية شبيهة بيرنشتاين دون مَعلَمة الشكل لمنحنيات بيزييه التكعيبية
يهدف البحث إلى اقتراح قاعدة مزج مثلثية جديدة من نمط بيرنشتاين، خالية من وسيط الشكل، لاستخدامها في بناء منحنيات شبيهة بمنحنيات بيزييه. جرى إثبات الخصائص الأساسية لهذه القاعدة الجديدة بدقة رياضية، بما في ذلك عدم السلبية، وخاصية تجزئة الوحدة، واستيفاء النهايتين. كما جرت المقارنة النظرية مع قاعدة بيرنشتاين التقليدية، لتسليط الضوء على أوجه التشابه في السلوك الهندسي والاختلافات في القدرة التقريبية. استخدمنا لتقييم الأداء العملي طريقة التقريب بالمربعات الصغرى لملاءمة المنحنيات، وجرى عرض العديد من الأمثلة العددية. تشير النتائج إلى أن القاعدة المثلثية المقترحة الخالية من معلمات الشكل تمثّل بديلًا فعّالًا لكثيرات حدود بيرنشتاين التقليدية، إذ تجمع بين الخصائص الهندسية القوية وتحسين جودة التقريب في تطبيقات نمذجة المنحنيات.
The impact of organizational virtuousness on the success of humanitarian organizations' projects in Syria: A case study of Binaa Organization for Development
The study aimed to examine the impact of organizational virtuousness on the success of humanitarian projects, through an applied case study on Binaa Organization for Development, operating in Syria. The study adopted a descriptive approach, using a questionnaire as the data collection tool and administering it to a sample of (45) individuals from the organization's employees. Organizational virtuousness was examined as the independent variable through its dimensions: optimism, trust, integrity, compassion, and forgiveness, while the dependent variable (project success) was measured at its overall level. The results indicated that both organizational virtuousness and project success were at a high level. Furthermore, the findings revealed a statistically significant effect of organizational virtuousness on project success. The results also demonstrated that the dimensions of organizational virtuousness have varying degrees of influence on project success, with organizational trust and integrity emerging as the most influential dimensions.
The Impact of Profitability on Stock Market Value Before, During, and After the COVID-19 Pandemic
This study aimed to analyze the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on the relationship between profitability indicators and the market value of banks' stocks listed on the Amman Stock Exchange during the period from 2018 to 2024, with a focus on comparing three distinct time phases: pre-pandemic, during the pandemic, and post-pandemic. The research relied on three main profitability indicators: Return on Assets (ROA), Return on Equity (ROE), and Earnings Per Share (EPS). The study sample included all banks listed on the exchange, totaling 18 banks, due to their operational continuity and the complete availability of financial data throughout the study period. The descriptive analytical approach was adopted, whereby data were collected from the financial reports issued by the companies and the official publications of the Amman Stock Exchange. Several statistical methods were employed for data analysis using the SPSS statistical program. The results revealed clear variations in the impact of profitability indicators on stock market value across the different phases of the pandemic. The impact of Earnings Per Share (EPS) was notably prominent during the pandemic period, while Return on Assets (ROA) maintained its stable positive influence. In contrast, Return on Equity (ROE) did not show a statistically significant impact in all phases. In light of these findings, the study recommends adopting dynamic temporal analysis of profitability indicators, focusing on Earnings Per Share (EPS) as a key indicator during crisis periods, improving the quality of financial disclosure in banks, and adopting flexible investment strategies that respond to different economic variables.
Correlation Between Elevated Biliary Biomarkers and the Presence of Choledocholithiasis: A Diagnostic Study Using ERCP as the Gold Standard
Background: Common bile duct (CBD) stones are a frequent cause of biliary obstruction and can lead to serious complications if left undiagnosed or untreated. Several laboratory markers are commonly used to predict their presence, most notably serum bilirubin and gamma-glutamyl transferase (GGT), both of which tend to rise in the setting of biliary obstruction. Objective: To evaluate the diagnostic value of serum bilirubin and GGT, individually and in combination, for predicting CBD stones in patients in Northwest Syria. Methods: This prospective cohort study enrolled patients with suspected CBD stones who underwent endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography (ERCP) at Idlib University Hospital. Serum bilirubin and GGT levels were measured prior to the procedure, and ERCP served as the gold standard for diagnosis. Diagnostic performance was assessed by calculating sensitivity, specificity, positive and negative predictive values, and overall accuracy. Results: Elevated levels of both bilirubin and GGT were significantly associated with the presence of CBD stones. Each marker demonstrated acceptable diagnostic performance when used alone; however, combining the two yielded higher diagnostic accuracy than either marker individually. Conclusion: The combination of serum bilirubin and GGT appears to offer a more reliable diagnostic tool for identifying patients who would benefit from ERCP. This approach may prove particularly valuable in resource-limited settings such as Northwest Syria.
Background: Choledocholithiasis is a common cause of obstructive jaundice and biliary complications. Endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography (ERCP) remains the gold standard for diagnosis and treatment; however, it is an invasive procedure associated with potential complications. Therefore, identifying reliable non-invasive laboratory biomarkers to predict the presence of common bile duct (CBD) stones is essential to optimize patient selection and reduce unnecessary ERCP procedures. Aim: To evaluate the diagnostic performance of biliary and hepatic biomarkers in predicting choledocholithiasis, using ERCP as the reference gold standard. Patients and Methods: Prospective cohort included 59 patients who underwent ERCP for suspected choledocholithiasis. Laboratory parameters including alanine aminotransferase (ALT), aspartate aminotransferase (AST), alkaline phosphatase (ALP), gamma-glutamyl transferase (GGT), total bilirubin, and direct bilirubin were analyzed. Diagnostic performance was assessed using sensitivity, specificity, positive and negative predictive values (PPV and NPV), diagnostic accuracy, and receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve analysis. Optimal cut-off values were determined using the Youden index. Results: All biomarkers studied showed statistically significant differences between patients with and without choledocholithiasis (P < 0.05). Total bilirubin demonstrated the highest diagnostic performance among individual markers (AUC = 0.85), followed by direct bilirubin and GGT. Liver transaminases (ALT and AST) showed lower diagnostic accuracy. Conclusion: Total bilirubin and GGT are reliable biomarkers for predicting choledocholithiasis. Utilizing these markers may improve clinical decision-making and help reduce unnecessary ERCP procedures in patients with suspected CBD stones.
Diagnostic and Prognostic Value of Plasma D-dimer Levels in Community-Acquired Pneumonia
This study analyzes the financial and operational trajectory of Al Baraka Islamic Bank – Syria during ‎2012‑2024‎. The study adopted a descriptive-analytical framework, based on a census of the published annual reports and audited financial statements for the study period. The analysis tracks total assets, deposits, investments, financing, and equity; calculates nominal growth multiples and compound annual growth rates; and examines deposit-to-asset, investment-to-asset, financing-to-asset, equity-to-asset, and financing-to-deposit ratios across four analytical phases. The results show that, in nominal terms, total assets increased by approximately 181 times between 2012 and 2024, equity by 193 times, financing by 143 times, deposits by 141 times, and investments by 84 times. Structural ratios, however, did not move in the same direction. The share of investments in total assets rose during some phases and then declined to 11.76% in 2024, while financing-to-assets remained relatively limited at the selected benchmark years. The findings indicate that nominal balance-sheet expansion alone cannot establish balanced operational growth; a combined reading of size, deployment, and financial-structure indicators is necessary. The study does not claim statistical generalization to other Islamic banks; its conclusions are analytically bounded by the case and the Syrian monetary environment.
Community-acquired pneumonia (CAP) remains a major cause of morbidity and mortality worldwide, and early prediction of disease severity continues to represent a clinical challenge. This study aimed to evaluate the relationship between plasma D-dimer levels and CAP severity and clinical outcomes, and to compare its performance with the Pneumonia Severity Index (PSI). The study included 100 patients with CAP and 35 healthy controls. Patients were stratified according to PSI risk classes. D-dimer levels were significantly higher in patients compared with controls (p < 0.001) and showed a moderate positive correlation with PSI scores (r = 0.652). D-dimer levels increased progressively with greater disease severity and worse clinical outcomes, including the need for intensive care, empyema, and mortality (p < 0.001). In ROC analysis, D-dimer demonstrated excellent discriminative ability for predicting mortality (AUC = 0.992) and good performance in predicting severe complications, outperforming PSI in certain outcomes. Conclusion: D-dimer levels are positively associated with CAP severity and adverse clinical outcomes. D-dimer may serve as a simple and rapid adjunctive biomarker to support early risk assessment and clinical decision making within an integrated clinical evaluation framework, with need for external validation studies.
Comparative Efficacy of Intravenous Augmentin and Ceftriaxone in the Treatment of Community-Acquired Lobar Pneumonia in Children (5-15 Years)
Community-acquired lobar pneumonia in children is one of the most common causes of morbidity and hospital admission, and continues to impose an increasing health and economic burden. Global data show that lobar pneumonia remains a leading cause of child mortality. This comparative clinical study, conducted at Idlib University Hospital between 2025 and 2026, aimed to compare the therapeutic clinical response to empirical intravenous treatment with amoxicillin/clavulanate (Augmentin) versus ceftriaxone in 100 children aged (5–15 years) suffering from community-acquired lobar pneumonia, with an equal division into two groups (50/50). Therapeutic response was defined as a clear clinical improvement with the resolution of fever within 72 hours. Results showed a statistical superiority for the ceftriaxone group with a 90% recovery rate compared to 74% for Augmentin (chi-square≈4.34, p≈0.037), which indicates that ceftriaxone was associated with a 16% higher early clinical response rate within among hospitalized children in this age group.
Analysis of Accounting Disclosure Quality as an Approach to Reducing Accounting Information Asymmetry in Islamic Banks: A Case Study of Al Baraka Islamic Bank – Syria
This study analyzes the quality of accounting disclosure as an approach to reducing accounting information asymmetry in Islamic banks, with application to Al Baraka Islamic Bank – Syria over the period 2010–2024. It also interprets the disclosure trajectory in light of developments in the bank’s annual report structure and its financial and operational indicators. The study adopts a descriptive-analytical methodology and a case study approach supported by content analysis, relying on the bank’s published annual reports, financial statements, and accompanying notes. An annual disclosure index, comprising 105 items, was constructed based on the requirements of AAOIFI Financial Accounting Standard No. (1) on general presentation and disclosure<span dir="RTL" lang="AR-SA" style="font-size: 13.0pt; mso-ansi-font-size: 12.0pt; font-family: 'Simplified Arabic',serif; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA;">. The findings indicate that the disclosure index increased from 75.24% in 2010 to 99.05% during 2021–2024, reflecting the bank’s transition from foundational disclosure to a high level of disclosure maturity. The study further finds that the improvement in disclosure quality helped narrow the information asymmetry gap. The analysis of ratios and derived indicators shows that changes in the structure of assets, deposits, investments, and the financing portfolio increase the need for qualitative disclosure that explains the reported figures. The study also notes that nominal values expressed in Syrian pounds are insufficient, on their own, to infer real growth because of changes in the currency’s value. It concludes that accounting disclosure quality represents a key interpretive channel through which compliance with presentation and disclosure requirements contributes to reducing accounting information asymmetry in Islamic banks
Assessment of the potential of Sunflower in Treating Some Contaminated Soils with Heavy Metals in Northwest Syria
Agricultural soils in Northwestern Syria are among the most affected areas by heavy metal pollution due to various anthropogenic activities, posing significant threats to agricultural productivity and environmental health. This study aimed to evaluate the ability of three sunflower cultivars (Helianthus annuus L.) — American, Spanish, and Local — to accumulate and translocate heavy metals (chromium and cobalt) in three different locations in Idlib Governorate (Daraat Azza, Harim, and Sarmada). The physical and chemical properties of the soils were analyzed, and the cultivars were grown under controlled conditions for 45 days. Heavy metal concentrations in the roots were measured using Inductively Coupled Plasma Optical Emission Spectrometry (ICP-OES) following wet digestion with aqua regia. The Bioconcentration Factor (BCF), Translocation Factor (TF), and Removal Efficiency (RE%) from the soil were calculated. The results revealed that BCF values for both elements were less than one across all treatments, indicating that sunflower exhibits excluder behavior rather than accumulative behavior. Most TF values were also below one. The removal efficiency was very low, ranging from 0.166% to 1.781% as a maximum during a single growing season. The Harim site significantly outperformed the other two sites in most parameters. Additionally, the death of the Local cultivar was observed in Daraat Azza soil, which may be attributed to the high accumulation of heavy metals in its roots. The study concluded that sunflower, under the conditions of this study, is more suitable for phytostabilization than for phytoextraction, particularly for chromium. The Spanish and Local cultivars at the Harim site demonstrated the best overall performance across most indicators.
The Effect of an Early Mobilization Program on Time to Return of Bowel Sounds, Pain Severity, and Urinary Output in Postoperative Patients with Intestinal Obstruction
Introduction: Although early mobilization is considered a promising intervention, there remains a need to evaluate its effectiveness in the local clinical context, specifically among patients undergoing surgery for intestinal obstruction. Objective: To evaluate the effect of implementing an early mobilization program on the time to return of bowel sounds, pain intensity, and urinary output in patients following surgery for intestinal obstruction. Methods: A quasi-experimental study was conducted on a convenient sample of 80 patients, equally allocated into an experimental group and a control group. The experimental group received an early mobilization program. This protocol was initiated after the patient recovered from anesthesia and continued for up to three days postoperatively. The control group received standard postoperative care only. Data were analyzed using non-parametric tests, Wilcoxon and Mann-Whitney U, due to the distribution characteristics of the data. Results: The results showed a statistically significant reduction (p ≤ 0.001) in time to bowel sounds, pain intensity, and urinary output in the experimental group compared to the control group. Conclusion and Recommendations: The study concludes that the implementation of an early mobilization program is an effective and safe non-pharmacological intervention for improving the aforementioned indicators and maintaining their stability in postoperative intestinal obstruction patients.
The Effect of Relaxation Techniques on Vital Signs in Hemodialysis Patients
Introduction: Patients undergoing hemodialysis often experience fluctuations in vital signs during dialysis sessions, necessitating the search for safe and effective non-pharmacological interventions to support their physiological stability. Objective: To evaluate the effect of applying relaxation techniques on the vital signs of hemodialysis patients. Materials and Methods: The study consisted of 80 patients equally distributed into two groups (experimental and control). The experimental group received a set of relaxation techniques (including deep breathing, progressive muscle relaxation, positive guided imagery, and mindfulness meditation) during hemodialysis sessions, while the control group received routine nursing care only. Vital signs (pulse rate, respiratory rate, systolic and diastolic blood pressure) were measured before and after the intervention in both groups. Data were analyzed using non-parametric tests (Wilcoxon & Mann–Whitney) due to the nature of the data distribution. Results: The results showed a highly statistically significant decrease (p ≤ 0.001) in pulse rate, respiratory rate, systolic and diastolic blood pressure among the experimental group compared to the control group, with large effect sizes recorded, reflecting the practical effectiveness of the intervention. Conclusion and Recommendations: The study concludes that applying relaxation techniques is an effective and safe non-pharmacological intervention for improving and maintaining the stability of vital signs in hemodialysis patients during dialysis sessions. The study recommends incorporating these techniques into routine nursing care protocols, with the need for future long-term, multi-center studies with a larger sample size to assess the sustainability of the physiological effects and the underlying mechanisms.
Preparation of Cationic Surfactants Using Sunflower Oil
Through this study, it has been shown that cationic surfactants can be synthesized by separating fatty acids from a vegetable oil, and introducing them in a series of reactions (Methanolic Esterification, followed by Di-ethanol amide production through a reaction between the Methanolic Ester and Di-ethanolamine, then a new Esterification for the Hydroxylic groups by a pure and natural fatty acid, At the end, we can convert it to Quaternary Ammonium Salts in a presences of Hydrogen Chloride) resulting in cationic materials of Greasy texture and able to reduce surface tension at a low financial cost compared to those prepared from industrial sources. The reaction yield has exceeded 85% in most of its stages. and the final compounds reduced the surface tension of water about 50% when it was used at 0.25gr/100ml concentration.
Determination of Nitrite Ions Levels in Some Types of Meat Marketed in Northwest Syria and Assessment of Health Risks
Nitrite is among the most prominent food additives used in meat processing. However, their presence in concentrations exceeding permissible limits may pose a health threat to consumers due to their association with carcinogenic effects. Given the increasing rates of cancer in recent years, coinciding with wartime conditions and weakened food safety regulations, the need arose to conduct a study to determine nitrite levels in some processed meat products marketed locally. The study examined a group of commonly consumed processed meat samples. To achieve this, the modified Grace method based on sulfanilamide and NED was applied. The number of samples studied was 72, collected from specific geographical areas between January and March 2023. Nitrite levels were determined using spectrophotometry. The results showed that all processed meat samples contained nitrite concentrations, but these were below the permissible limit (100 mg/kg) according to European standards. Furthermore, an assessment of consumer exposure risks to nitrites was conducted, and the risk index (HQ < 1) indicated no anticipated health risks to consumers of processed meat sold in northwest Syria.
The Ability of Carbon Fibers to Increase the Collapse Load of a Reinforced Concrete Walls under High Lateral Pressure
This study aims to investigate the behavior of reinforced concrete walls strengthened with carbon fibers when subjected to high lateral pressure caused by an explosion. The focus initially is on determining the pressure wave generated by a 250 kg TNT-equivalent explosive charge, followed by an analysis of the wall's resistance to dynamic loads and an assessment of the effectiveness of carbon fibers in enhancing structural performance and reducing explosion-induced damage. The study was conducted using numerical models through the finite element method to simulate the impact of the blast wave on the wall, with results compared between conventional reinforced concrete walls and those reinforced with carbon fibers. The results showed that reinforcing concrete walls with carbon fibers improves their resistance to explosions by reducing cracking and increasing the wall’s capacity to withstand dynamic loads. Based on these findings, the study recommends the use of carbon fibers as part of a strategy to strengthen critical structures exposed to explosion risks, thereby enhancing structural safety and minimizing losses caused by severe loading conditions.
The Relationship of the Nozzle Exit Gas Velocity with the Combustion Chamber Pressure of Solid Propellant Engines
This research included an analytical study of the nozzle theory for solid propellant rockets, And the basic concepts on which the nozzle theory depends. This research studied and concluded the relationship between the exit gases velocity and the pressure of combustion chamber in the solid propellant rockets, which is one of the most useful relationships, in addition to the relationship of the cross-sectional ratio (the nozzle exit area to the nozzle throat area), which determines the optimum expansion ratio for the nozzle. The research also included some calculations related to the study and design of the nozzle, where the velocity of gas flow at the nozzle exit was calculated as a function of the combustion chamber pressure, drawing the relationship curve between them, calculating the optimum expansion ratio for the nozzle and the diameter of the nozzle exit, for one of the types of propellant, which is potassium nitrate-sorbitol (KNSB).
The Effect of the Number of Magnetic Fields on Irrigation Water and Their Impact on Soil Cultivated with Maize
The research was conducted in 2024 to impact of increasing the number of magnetic fields and the type of irrigation water on properties of water and soil cultivated with maize (Zea mays L.) was evaluated. The results showed that increasing the number of magnetic fields significantly affected the physical and chemical properties of water, as magnetization gradually reduced viscosity from 1.0239 mPa·s in the non-magnetized treatment (NM) to 0.9319 mPa·s in the treatment with eight fields (M3). Surface tension decreased from 70.78 to 65.46 mN/m, and density from 1.00214 to 0.99981 g/cm³. Electrical conductivity (ECi) also decreased from 4.0167 to 3.8978 ds/m, while nitrate concentration increased from 29.03 to 30.82 ppm with the increase in fields, indicating enhanced chemical transformations. In soil, magnetization gradually raised pH from 7.306 in NM to 7.536 in M3, and increased organic matter from 1.198% to 1.363%. It also contributed to reducing salt accumulation, as sodium concentration decreased from 301 to 263 ppm, chloride from 655.9 to 603.2 ppm, and soil electrical conductivity (ECe) from 2.733 to 2.436 ds/m. These results confirm that magnetic treatment is an effective tool for improving water quality and reducing soil salinity, thereby enhancing agricultural soil fertility.
Impact of Physical Condition of Paper Plans on Cadastral Digitization Accuracy: An Applied Study in Idlib Governorate
This study aims to evaluate the impact of the physical condition of paper cadastral plans (such as tearing, humidity, and wear) on the accuracy of digitization and georeferencing processes in the Idlib Governorate, particularly given the challenges imposed by the war on the cadastral archive. The research adopted a comparative analytical methodology using six cadastral plans with varying scales (1:500 and 1:2000) and physical states (good, medium, and poor). The Triangulation Method based on Delaunay’s algorithm was employed to address paper distortions. The results demonstrated a strong direct correlation between the degree of map damage and the increase in the Root Mean Square Error (RMSE) for positional accuracy, which reached 1.10 m in torn maps. However, a crucial finding revealed that the accuracy of area calculations remained high, with relative area deviations not exceeding 2%, falling within internationally accepted limits. The study concludes that the damaged cadastral archive in Idlib is valid for digitization and can be relied upon for property documentation and reconstruction efforts, taking into account the potential spatial error margins in severely damaged plans
Effect of Omega-3 Unsaturated Fatty Acid Injection on some reproductive, hormonal, and blood parameters during the breeding season in Awassi ewes
This study aimed to evaluate the effect of intramuscular injection of unsaturated fatty acid omega-3 on reproductive indicators (estrus intensification%, pregnancy rate%, litter size, prolificacy%) as well as blood and hormonal indicators (total cholesterol and progesterone) in Syrian Awassi ewes during the breeding season. A total of 48 ewes were used, divided into two equal groups: an experimental group (injected with 3 ml of omega3 three times at 15-day intervals) and a control group (injected with physiological saline). Blood samples were collected weekly to measure cholesterol and progesterone concentrations. After the injections were completed, rams were introduced for mating when estrus appeared, with 4 rams allocated to each group, and reproductive indicators were recorded. The results showed significant differences (P ≤ 0.05) in favor of the experimental group compared to the control group in most reproductive indicators (estrus intensification, mating period, pregnancy rate, litter size, prolificacy), while no significant differences were found in twin and single birth rates between the two groups. Total cholesterol (74.2 vs. 57.5 mg/dL) and progesterone (5.79 vs. 3.53 ng/dL) concentrations increased at the end of the experiment in the omega3 group compared to the control, with a significant gradual increase observed over the weeks of the experiment. We conclude that intramuscular injection of omega3 improves fertility and pregnancy rates (P ≤ 0.05(in Awassi ewes by supporting progesterone production and its precursor is cholesterol, thus recommending its use to enhance reproductive efficiency in sheep flocks.
Impact of Region and Gender on the Spread of Theileria in Arabian Horses in Northwestern Syria
Equine theileriosis is a common parasitic disease affecting horses worldwide; however, its presence in Syria in general, and in the northern regions in particular, remains insufficiently documented. This study aimed to compare the prevalence of Theileria equi infection in Arabian horses according to geographic region and sex, based on a serological survey of blood samples collected from horses in northern Syria within the governorates of Idlib and Aleppo. A total of 110 Arabian horses aged between 2 and 25 years were included. Blood samples were collected from all animals and tested using the competitive enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (cELISA). Serological testing revealed the presence of antibodies against T. equi in 37% of horses in Idlib and 60% of horses in Aleppo, with a statistically significant difference between the two regions (p<0.05).
"Determination of Sterol Content in Some Vegetable Oils and Study of their Biological Activity as Antioxidants"
Plant-derived phytosterols, as naturally occurring constituents in plants, have attracted increasing attention due to the association between their consumption and a reduced risk of cardiovascular diseases and cancer. Extraction procedures and separation methods for sterol compounds were applied to eleven vegetable oil samples obtained from the local market. Brassicasterol, Campesterol, Stigmasterol, and β-Sitosterol were quantitatively determined using HPLC-DAD. The mobile phase consisted of a mixture of (Acetonitrile : 0.1% Formic acid in Water) in a ratio of (80:20)% v/v. β-Sitosterol was found to be the predominant sterol in all analyzed oils. Among the tested samples, evening primrose oil exhibited the highest total sterol content, indicating its potential nutritional and therapeutic value due to its sterol-rich composition. Furthermore, the antioxidant activity of the investigated phytosterols was evaluated using a rapid spectrophotometric method based on 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) radical scavenging. Notably, the coconut oil extract exhibited a significantly higher IC₅₀ value (2643.40 µg.mL-1) compared with the evening primrose oil extract (134.95 µg.mL-1), indicating a stronger antioxidant activity for evening primrose oil under the applied experimental conditions.
Solid-phase Extraction (SPE) Combined with Digital Colorimetry as an Eco-friendly Method for the Separation and Quantification of Cephalexin in Pharmaceutical Preparations
The aim of this study was to develop a simple and green analytical method for the determination of cephalexin, based on solid-phase extraction (SPE) followed by digital image colorimetry (DIC) as an environmentally friendly alternative to conventional chromatographic methods. Initially, a C18 cartridge was activated using 3 mL of methanol and then equilibrated with 3 mL of distilled water. After passing 10 mL of the aqueous sample through the cartridge, the active compound was eluted with a small volume (2 mL) of methanol. The eluate was evaporated and the residue was reconstituted in 50 µL of sodium hydroxide. The colorimetric reaction was then performed on filter paper by adding 10 µL of the reagent and 10 µL of the sample, and the resulting color was recorded using an LED light (1A, 12V) and captured with a mobile phone camera. The results demonstrated that the developed method provides accurate and reliable analysis with an acceptable linear range of 1–16 µg/mL and good correlation coefficients (R² > 0.9917). The limit of detection (LOD) was 0.027 µg/mL, and the limit of quantification (LOQ) was 0.088 µg/mL. The method showed good precision, with relative standard deviation (RSD%) values not exceeding 0.56% for intra-day precision and 1.52% for inter-day precision. Recovery values ranged from 100.16–101% for the Cefalex S2 syrup sample and 98.25–101.6% for the Cefalex C2 capsule sample, with a notable reduction in organic solvent and energy consumption. The total penalty points (PPs) for the green assessment of the developed method were only 6, compared to 26 points for the reference HPLC method, confirming its superiority in terms of environmental friendliness and sustainability.
Determination of Cefalexin in Pharmaceutical Formulations: A Comparative Study Between the Digital Image Colorimetry (DIC) Method and the Reference RP-HPLC Method
This study aims to perform a precise statistical comparison between the developed Digital Image Colorimetry (DIC) method for the determination of cephalexin in pharmaceutical formulations and the reference method adopted by the British Pharmacopoeia (HPLC–BP). The developed method represents a simple and environmentally friendly analytical approach for drug analysis, without the need for large volumes of organic solvents or sophisticated chromatographic instrumentation. Two pharmaceutical samples (C1 and S1) were analyzed using both methods, and the effect of measurement time after complex formation on result accuracy was investigated. A measurement time of 4 minutes was found to be optimal for recording the color intensity. The results obtained from both methods were statistically analyzed using T and F tests to evaluate the agreement in terms of accuracy and precision. The findings showed no significant differences between the values obtained by the two methods at a significance level of P > 0.05, confirming that the developed method can be adopted as an environmentally friendly, cost-effective, and time-saving alternative to the reference method. Moreover, the greenness assessment of the methods indicated that the DIC approach is more consistent with the principles of green chemistry, due to its lower consumption of solvents, time, and energy compared to the HPLC reference method. The total analytical eco-scale penalty points (PPs) for the developed method were only 6, in contrast to 26 points for the reference HPLC method, emphasizing its superiority in terms of environmental friendliness and sustainability.
Evaluation of Low-Melting Pb–Sn Alloys as Shielding Materials for X-Ray and Gamma Radiation
This study explores the preparation and characterization of low-melting binary alloys in the lead–tin (Pb–Sn) system as potential reduced-lead shielding materials for X-ray and gamma-ray applications. The alloys were fabricated using two preparation routes: the melt-spinning technique to produce thin ribbons suitable for X-ray measurements, and the conventional melting–casting method for samples used in gamma-ray attenuation measurements. The investigation involved determining the melting temperatures and evaluating key radiation shielding parameters, including the linear attenuation coefficient (<!-- [if gte msEquation 12]><m:oMath><m:r>μ</m:r></m:oMath><![endif]--> ) and the half-value layer (<!-- [if gte msEquation 12]><m:oMath><m:r>HVL</m:r></m:oMath><![endif]--> ), across different photon energy ranges. The performance of the prepared alloys was assessed based on multiple criteria, namely radiation attenuation efficiency, low melting temperature, and reduced lead content as an indicator of potentially lower toxicity. The results reveal that both <!-- [if gte msEquation 12]><m:oMath><m:d><m:dPr><m:ctrlPr></m:ctrlPr></m:dPr><m:e><m:r>μ</m:r></m:e></m:d></m:oMath><![endif]--> and <!-- [if gte msEquation 12]><m:oMath><m:d><m:dPr><m:ctrlPr></m:ctrlPr></m:dPr><m:e><m:r>HVL</m:r></m:e></m:d></m:oMath><![endif]--> strongly depend on photon energy and alloy composition. A gradual reduction in the attenuation coefficient was observed with decreasing lead content. Among the investigated compositions, the eutectic alloy (<!-- [if gte msEquation 12]><m:oMath><m:r>Pb</m:r><m:r>₃₈.₁</m:r><m:r>Sn</m:r><m:r>₆₁.₉</m:r></m:oMath><![endif]--> ) exhibits a favorable balance between shielding effectiveness and thermal characteristics, with a melting temperature of approximately <!-- [if gte msEquation 12]><m:oMath><m:d><m:dPr><m:ctrlPr></m:ctrlPr></m:dPr><m:e><m:r>183 °</m:r><m:r>C</m:r></m:e></m:d></m:oMath><![endif]--> . Although its attenuation capability is slightly lower than that of pure lead, the difference can be compensated by modest increases in shielding thickness. These findings indicate that the eutectic Pb–Sn alloy represents a promising candidate for the development of reduced-lead radiation shielding materials under the conditions examined in this study.
Low-Cost Alternatives for the Hole Transport Layer Spiro-OMeTAD in Lead-Free Perovskite Solar Cells Using Numerical Simulation
Lead‑free perovskites such as CsSnI₃ are promising absorber for sustainable solar energy; however, their performance is highly dependent on the choice of hole transport layer (HTL). In this work, SCAPS‑1D simulations (calibrated with experimental data) were employed to investigate a wide range of materials (Cu₂O, CZTSe, CBTS, CuSCN, CuO, Spiro‑IA, MoO₃, PTAA, GaAs, CuSbS₂, MoS₂, P3HT, PEDOT:PSS, CIS) as low‑cost alternatives to Spiro‑OMeTAD. Results indicate that the short‑circuit current density (Jsc) remained nearly constant in the range of (30–32 mA/cm²) for most cases, while the open‑circuit voltage (Voc) and fill factor (FF) varied depending on the material. Materials such as Cu₂O, CZTSe, and CBTS achieved the highest efficiencies (PCE ≈ 20–21%) with (Voc ≈ 0.91 V) and (FF ≈ 70–72%). They were followed by CuSCN, CuO, and Spiro‑IA, which exhibited good efficiencies (PCE ≈ 19–20%) with (Voc ≈ 0.88–0.89 V) and (FF ≈ 67–69%). Other materials such as MoO₃, PTAA, and GaAs showed acceptable efficiencies (PCE ≈ 17–18%) with (Voc ≈ 0.88–0.90 V) and (FF ≈ 63–66%), whereas CuSbS₂, MoS₂, P3HT, PEDOT:PSS, and CIS were lower efficiencies (PCE ≈ 15–16%) with (Voc ≈ 0.81–0.85 V) and (FF ≈ 54–60%). This study confirms that the availability of several HTL layers that can serve as low‑cost alternatives to Spiro‑OMeTAD.
Numerical Simulation of Low Cost Gold Alternatives for Performance Improvement in Lead Free Perovskite Solar Cells
Lead-free perovskites such as CsSnI₃ are promising absorbers for sustainable solar energy; however, their performance is highly dependent on the choice of back contact layer. In this work, SCAPS-1D simulations (calibrated with experimental data) were employed to investigate a wide range of materials (Al, Cr, Mo, Cu, Ag, Fe, rGO, C, Ni, W) as alternatives to gold. Results indicate that the short-circuit current density (Jsc) remains nearly constant at 31.8 mA/cm² for most cases, while the open-circuit voltage (Voc) and fill factor (FF) vary depending on the material work function. Gold exhibited a power conversion efficiency (PCE ≈ 17.4%), (Voc ≈ 0.886 V), (FF ≈ 61%), whereas tungsten (WF = 5.22 eV) achieved the highest efficiency (PCE ≈ 20.16%), (Voc ≈ 0.91 V), (FF ≈ 70%), followed by nickel with (PCE ≈ 18.78%), (Voc ≈ 0.90 V), (FF ≈ 65%). Carbon-based electrodes also demonstrated competitive performance with an efficiency of (14.5%), making them a stable and low-cost alternative. This study confirms that selecting of the back contact layer, based on energy level alignment and interfacial properties, is a critical factor in enhancing the performance of lead-free CsSnI₃ solar cells.
The Influence of Impression Management (IM) on Organizational Silence (OS) (A Field Study on Workers in Non-Governmental Organizations (NGOs) in Northwestern Syria)
The study aimed to examine the impact of (IM) on (OS) among employees in (NGOs) and to measure the effects of self-promotion, ingratiation, intimidation, and supplication on organizational silence. The study adopted the descriptive approach and used a questionnaire as the main data collection tool from the study population. The sample consisted of (403) employees in the organizations under study. The study also employed statistical methods available in SPSS, including descriptive statistics, correlation coefficients, and regression analysis, in order to analyze the data and test the hypotheses. The study results revealed a statistically significant moderate positive relationship between (IM) and (OS), with a correlation coefficient of (r = 0.42). (IM) explained approximately (18.1%) of the variance in (OS). The results of multiple regression analysis also indicated a significant relationship between the combined dimensions of (IM) and (OS), where (OS) was positively associated with (self-promotion and ingratiation) and negatively associated with (intimidation and supplication). Collectively, these dimensions explained about (39%) of the variance in (OS) according to the coefficience of determination (R² = 0.39). The results of the stepwise multiple regression analysis demonstrated a significant effect of (IM) dimensions on administrative and organizational reasons, explaining (50.7%) of the variance. The findings also indicated that (intimidation and ingratiation) significantly affected isolation, explaining (29%) of its variance, while the explained variance for lack of experience was (9.9%).
The Influence of Ingratiation and Intimidation in Creative Thinking Skills (A Field Study on Workers in Non-Government Organizations (NGOs) in Northwestern Syria)
The study aimed to explore the impact of managers both impression management styles, ingratiation and intimidation, in employees’ creative thinking skills in non-government organizations operating in northwest Syria. The study adopted the descriptive approach and used a questionnaire as the primary tool for data collection. The study sample consisted of (403) employees working in (NGOs) in northwest Syria, distributed between international organizations (60.3%) and local organizations (39.7%). The study also employed statistical methods provided by SPSS Statistics to analyze the data and test the hypotheses. The results showed that employees in the studied organizations perceive that managers practice ingratiation at a high level, with a mean score of (3.708), while intimidation is practiced at a lower level, with a mean score of (2.564). All dimensions of creative thinking skills recorded mean scores above the neutral value (3), indicating a high level of these skills among employees. Moreover, the relationship between ingratiation and creative thinking skills, on the one hand, was found to be weak, with a correlation coefficient (r = 0.181), where ingratiation explained variations in fluence, originality, flexibility, and overall creative thinking skills by (2.3%), (4.7%), and (3.3%) respectively. Intimidation, on the other hand, explained variations in problem sensitivity and risk skills by (1.5%) and (1.1%) respectively. The combined effect of both ingratiation and intimidation on creative thinking skills was also limited, with a coefficient of determination (R² = 0.05), meaning that only (5%) of the variance was explained.
A study of the Impact of Inflation on Return on Equity in Private Commercial Banks Listed on the Damascus Securities Exchange
This study aims to EXAMINE the effect of inflation on the return on equity in private commercial banks listed on the Damascus Securities Exchange. Financial data extracted from the financial statements of the studied banks was used, on a quarterly basis, and the descriptive approach was adopted. This was done by using books, research, studies, scientific journals, periodic bulletins and reports, financial data, reports and budgets published by the studied banks, and publications of the Central Bank of Syria. The study variables were extracted from these, and then statistical analysis was carried out on the data of these banks, (11) bank, for the time series (2011-2024) using the statistical program (EVIEWS10) by following the DATA PANEL methodology. The study results showed that there is a positive effect of inflation on the return on equity of private Syrian commercial banks in the short term, which appears after two quarters. This effect turns into a negative effect starting from the third slowdown period, and this negative effect continues in the long term. The value of the error correction factor for the estimated model shows that private commercial banks do not have the efficiency to manage inflation risks, as they need a year to return to the equilibrium position.