Idlib University Research Journal
type: channel
description: Journal Title: Idlib University Research Journal Issue: Two issues annually DOI: https://doi.org/10.66247/mjmkew57 ISSN: 2790-2374 Year of Publication: 2021 Editor-in-Chief: Professor Dr. Fouad Al-Daoud Publisher: Idlib University Publication Language: Arabic and English Indexed Databases: CrossMark, Google Scholar, ICI Index, Semantic Scholar Indexing Database: CrossRef, CrossMark, ICI World of Journals, Google Scholar, ICI World of Journals, Semantic Scholar, Open Alex Links: CrossRef: https://search.crossref.org/search/works?q=2790-2374&from_ui=yes CrossMark: https://www.crossref.org/services/crossmark/ ICI World of Journals: https://journals.indexcopernicus.com/search/details?id=136257 Google Scholar: https://scholar.google.com/scholar?hl=en&as_sdt=0%2C5&q=Researches+journal+of+Idlib+University&btnG= Semantic Scholar: https://www.semanticscholar.org/search?q=Research%20Journal%20of%20Idlib%20University&sort=relevance Open Alex: https://openalex.org/sources/S7407056309
publisher: Idlib University
language: en
publication name: Idlib University Research Journal
issn: 2790-2374
items: P- مثالية ضبابية و H- مثالية ضبابية في جبور BCI
items: قاعدة مثلثية شبيهة بيرنشتاين دون مَعلَمة الشكل لمنحنيات بيزييه التكعيبية
items: The impact of organizational virtuousness on the success of humanitarian organizations' projects in Syria: A case study of Binaa Organization for Development
items: The Impact of Profitability on Stock Market Value Before, During, and After the COVID-19 Pandemic
items: Correlation Between Elevated Biliary Biomarkers and the Presence of Choledocholithiasis: A Diagnostic Study Using ERCP as the Gold Standard
items: Diagnostic and Prognostic Value of Plasma D-dimer Levels in Community-Acquired Pneumonia
items: Comparative Efficacy of Intravenous Augmentin and Ceftriaxone in the Treatment of Community-Acquired Lobar Pneumonia in Children (5-15 Years)
items: Analysis of Accounting Disclosure Quality as an Approach to Reducing Accounting Information Asymmetry in Islamic Banks: A Case Study of Al Baraka Islamic Bank – Syria
items: Assessment of the potential of Sunflower in Treating Some Contaminated Soils with Heavy Metals in Northwest Syria
items: The Effect of an Early Mobilization Program on Time to Return of Bowel Sounds, Pain Severity, and Urinary Output in Postoperative Patients with Intestinal Obstruction
items: The Effect of Relaxation Techniques on Vital Signs in Hemodialysis Patients
items: Preparation of Cationic Surfactants Using Sunflower Oil
items: Determination of Nitrite Ions Levels in Some Types of Meat Marketed in Northwest Syria and Assessment of Health Risks
items: The Ability of Carbon Fibers to Increase the Collapse Load of a Reinforced Concrete Walls under High Lateral Pressure
items: The Relationship of the Nozzle Exit Gas Velocity with the Combustion Chamber Pressure of Solid Propellant Engines
items: The Effect of the Number of Magnetic Fields on Irrigation Water and Their Impact on Soil Cultivated with Maize
items: Impact of Physical Condition of Paper Plans on Cadastral Digitization Accuracy: An Applied Study in Idlib Governorate
items: Effect of Omega-3 Unsaturated Fatty Acid Injection on some reproductive, hormonal, and blood parameters during the breeding season in Awassi ewes
items: Impact of Region and Gender on the Spread of Theileria in Arabian Horses in Northwestern Syria
items: "Determination of Sterol Content in Some Vegetable Oils and Study of their Biological Activity as Antioxidants"
items: Solid-phase Extraction (SPE) Combined with Digital Colorimetry as an Eco-friendly Method for the Separation and Quantification of Cephalexin in Pharmaceutical Preparations
items: Determination of Cefalexin in Pharmaceutical Formulations: A Comparative Study Between the Digital Image Colorimetry (DIC) Method and the Reference RP-HPLC Method
items: Evaluation of Low-Melting Pb–Sn Alloys as Shielding Materials for X-Ray and Gamma Radiation
items: Low-Cost Alternatives for the Hole Transport Layer Spiro-OMeTAD in Lead-Free Perovskite Solar Cells Using Numerical Simulation
items: Numerical Simulation of Low Cost Gold Alternatives for Performance Improvement in Lead Free Perovskite Solar Cells
items: The Influence of Impression Management (IM) on Organizational Silence (OS) (A Field Study on Workers in Non-Governmental Organizations (NGOs) in Northwestern Syria)
items: The Influence of Ingratiation and Intimidation in Creative Thinking Skills (A Field Study on Workers in Non-Government Organizations (NGOs) in Northwestern Syria)
items: A study of the Impact of Inflation on Return on Equity in Private Commercial Banks Listed on the Damascus Securities Exchange

P- مثالية ضبابية و H- مثالية ضبابية في جبور BCI
type: item
description: في هذا البحث ندرس المثاليّات الضبابية من النوع P والمثاليّات الضبابية من النوع H في جبر BCI بعد استعراض مفاهيم المثالية ، وP- مثالية و H- مثالية ، نفرض المجموعات الضبابية التي تحقق شروطاً مناسبة من النوع P وH، نسميها على الترتيب مثاليّات ضبابية من النوع P ومثاليّات ضبابية من النوع H ولكل مثالية ضبابي من النوع ) P وعلى الترتيب من النوع ( H معرَّف بدالة ضبابية <!-- [if gte msEquation 12]><m:oMath><m:r>f</m:r></m:oMath><![endif]--> <!-- [if gte vml 1]><v:shapetype id="_x0000_t75" coordsize="21600,21600" o:spt="75" o:preferrelative="t" path="m@4@5l@4@11@9@11@9@5xe" filled="f" stroked="f"> <v:stroke joinstyle="miter"/> <v:formulas> <v:f eqn="if lineDrawn pixelLineWidth 0"/> <v:f eqn="sum @0 1 0"/> <v:f eqn="sum 0 0 @1"/> <v:f eqn="prod @2 1 2"/> <v:f eqn="prod @3 21600 pixelWidth"/> <v:f eqn="prod @3 21600 pixelHeight"/> <v:f eqn="sum @0 0 1"/> <v:f eqn="prod @6 1 2"/> <v:f eqn="prod @7 21600 pixelWidth"/> <v:f eqn="sum @8 21600 0"/> <v:f eqn="prod @7 21600 pixelHeight"/> <v:f eqn="sum @10 21600 0"/> </v:formulas> <v:path o:extrusionok="f" gradientshapeok="t" o:connecttype="rect"/> <o:lock v:ext="edit" aspectratio="t"/> </v:shapetype><v:shape id="_x0000_i1025" type="#_x0000_t75" style='width:7.2pt; height:16.2pt'> <v:imagedata src="file:///C:/Users/PC/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image001.png" o:title="" chromakey="white"/> </v:shape><![endif]--> <img src="[binary]" width="10" height="22"> على جبر BCI يرمز له بـ X، ندرس مجموعة المستوى <!-- [if gte msEquation 12]><m:oMath><m:sSub><m:sSubPr><m:ctrlPr></m:ctrlPr></m:sSubPr><m:e><m:r>A</m:r></m:e><m:sub><m:r>f</m:r></m:sub></m:sSub></m:oMath><![endif]--> <!-- [if gte vml 1]><v:shape id="_x0000_i1025" type="#_x0000_t75" style='width:12.6pt;height:17.4pt'> <v:imagedata src="file:///C:/Users/PC/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image003.png" o:title="" chromakey="white"/> </v:shape><![endif]--> <img src="[binary]" width="17" height="23"> ونبرهن أن <!-- [if gte msEquation 12]><m:oMath><m:sSub><m:sSubPr><m:ctrlPr…
subject: SECTION B
  topic: section
subject: جبر BCK/BCI
  topic: keywords
subject: مثالية
  topic: keywords
subject: P- مثالية
  topic: keywords
subject: H- مثالية
  topic: keywords
subject: P- مثالية ضبابية
  topic: keywords
subject: H- مثالية ضبابية
  topic: keywords
creator: د. أنس عبد الحميد صبوح
rights: Copyright (c) 2026
date: 2026-08-06
publication date: 2026-08-06
starting page: 488
ending page: 502
doi: 10.66247/can7rz18

قاعدة مثلثية شبيهة بيرنشتاين دون مَعلَمة الشكل لمنحنيات بيزييه التكعيبية
type: item
description: يهدف البحث إلى اقتراح قاعدة مزج مثلثية جديدة من نمط بيرنشتاين، خالية من وسيط الشكل، لاستخدامها في بناء منحنيات شبيهة بمنحنيات بيزييه. جرى إثبات الخصائص الأساسية لهذه القاعدة الجديدة بدقة رياضية، بما في ذلك عدم السلبية، وخاصية تجزئة الوحدة، واستيفاء النهايتين. كما جرت المقارنة النظرية مع قاعدة بيرنشتاين التقليدية، لتسليط الضوء على أوجه التشابه في السلوك الهندسي والاختلافات في القدرة التقريبية. استخدمنا لتقييم الأداء العملي طريقة التقريب بالمربعات الصغرى لملاءمة المنحنيات، وجرى عرض العديد من الأمثلة العددية. تشير النتائج إلى أن القاعدة المثلثية المقترحة الخالية من معلمات الشكل تمثّل بديلًا فعّالًا لكثيرات حدود بيرنشتاين التقليدية، إذ تجمع بين الخصائص الهندسية القوية وتحسين جودة التقريب في تطبيقات نمذجة المنحنيات.
subject: SECTION B
  topic: section
subject: قاعدة المزج المثلثية
  topic: keywords
subject: قاعدة شبيهة بيرنشتاين
  topic: keywords
subject: منحنى بيزييه التكعيبي
  topic: keywords
subject: طريقة المربعات الصغرى
  topic: keywords
subject: ملاءمة المنحنيات
  topic: keywords
creator: د. نوري سليمان
rights: Copyright (c) 2026
date: 2026-08-06
publication date: 2026-08-06
starting page: 462
ending page: 487
doi: 10.66247/mjt4th43

The impact of organizational virtuousness on the success of humanitarian organizations' projects in Syria: A case study of Binaa Organization for Development
type: item
description: The study aimed to examine the impact of organizational virtuousness on the success of humanitarian projects, through an applied case study on Binaa Organization for Development, operating in Syria. The study adopted a descriptive approach, using a questionnaire as the data collection tool and administering it to a sample of (45) individuals from the organization's employees. Organizational virtuousness was examined as the independent variable through its dimensions: optimism, trust, integrity, compassion, and forgiveness, while the dependent variable (project success) was measured at its overall level. The results indicated that both organizational virtuousness and project success were at a high level. Furthermore, the findings revealed a statistically significant effect of organizational virtuousness on project success. The results also demonstrated that the dimensions of organizational virtuousness have varying degrees of influence on project success, with organizational trust and integrity emerging as the most influential dimensions.
subject: SECTION A
  topic: section
subject: Organizational virtuousness
  topic: keywords
subject: Success of humanitarian projects
  topic: keywords
subject: Organizational optimism
  topic: keywords
subject: Organizational trust
  topic: keywords
subject: Organizational integrity
  topic: keywords
subject: Organizational compassion
  topic: keywords
subject: Organizational forgiveness
  topic: keywords
creator: Sami Alhamdo
creator: Dr. Rasem Ibesh
creator: Dr. Waheed Abdan
rights: Copyright (c) 2026
date: 2026-08-05
publication date: 2026-08-05
starting page: 665
ending page: 692
doi: 10.66247/72ahf136

The Impact of Profitability on Stock Market Value Before, During, and After the COVID-19 Pandemic
type: item
description: This study aimed to analyze the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on the relationship between profitability indicators and the market value of banks' stocks listed on the Amman Stock Exchange during the period from 2018 to 2024, with a focus on comparing three distinct time phases: pre-pandemic, during the pandemic, and post-pandemic. The research relied on three main profitability indicators: Return on Assets (ROA), Return on Equity (ROE), and Earnings Per Share (EPS). The study sample included all banks listed on the exchange, totaling 18 banks, due to their operational continuity and the complete availability of financial data throughout the study period. The descriptive analytical approach was adopted, whereby data were collected from the financial reports issued by the companies and the official publications of the Amman Stock Exchange. Several statistical methods were employed for data analysis using the SPSS statistical program. The results revealed clear variations in the impact of profitability indicators on stock market value across the different phases of the pandemic. The impact of Earnings Per Share (EPS) was notably prominent during the pandemic period, while Return on Assets (ROA) maintained its stable positive influence. In contrast, Return on Equity (ROE) did not show a statistically significant impact in all phases. In light of these findings, the study recommends adopting dynamic temporal analysis of profitability indicators, focusing on Earnings Per Share (EPS) as a key indicator during crisis periods, improving the quality of financial disclosure in banks, and adopting flexible investment strategies that respond to different economic variables.
subject: SECTION A
  topic: section
subject: Profitability
  topic: keywords
subject: Return on Equity (ROE)
  topic: keywords
subject: Return on Assets (ROA)
  topic: keywords
subject: Earnings Per Share (EPS)
  topic: keywords
subject: Stock Marke
  topic: keywords
creator: Dr. Rakan Fawaz Alfajr
creator: Dr. Abdulrhman Mohamed
creator: Dr. Malik Al-Sulayman
rights: Copyright (c) 2026
date: 2026-08-05
publication date: 2026-08-05
starting page: 633
ending page: 664
doi: 10.66247/mt7v8m67

Correlation Between Elevated Biliary Biomarkers and the Presence of Choledocholithiasis: A Diagnostic Study Using ERCP as the Gold Standard
type: item
description: Background: Common bile duct (CBD) stones are a frequent cause of biliary obstruction and can lead to serious complications if left undiagnosed or untreated. Several laboratory markers are commonly used to predict their presence, most notably serum bilirubin and gamma-glutamyl transferase (GGT), both of which tend to rise in the setting of biliary obstruction. Objective: To evaluate the diagnostic value of serum bilirubin and GGT, individually and in combination, for predicting CBD stones in patients in Northwest Syria. Methods: This prospective cohort study enrolled patients with suspected CBD stones who underwent endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography (ERCP) at Idlib University Hospital. Serum bilirubin and GGT levels were measured prior to the procedure, and ERCP served as the gold standard for diagnosis. Diagnostic performance was assessed by calculating sensitivity, specificity, positive and negative predictive values, and overall accuracy. Results: Elevated levels of both bilirubin and GGT were significantly associated with the presence of CBD stones. Each marker demonstrated acceptable diagnostic performance when used alone; however, combining the two yielded higher diagnostic accuracy than either marker individually. Conclusion: The combination of serum bilirubin and GGT appears to offer a more reliable diagnostic tool for identifying patients who would benefit from ERCP. This approach may prove particularly valuable in resource-limited settings such as Northwest Syria.
subject: SECTION D
  topic: section
subject: Choledocholithiasis
  topic: keywords
subject: Bilirubin
  topic: keywords
subject: Gamma-glutamyl transferase
  topic: keywords
subject: ERCP
  topic: keywords
subject: Northwest Syria
  topic: keywords
creator: Mussaab Mohammad Ibrahim
creator: Yahya Al-Mutair
creator: Maen Moussa
rights: Copyright (c) 2026
date: 2026-08-05
publication date: 2026-08-05
starting page: 618
ending page: 632
doi: 10.66247/83nyf843

Correlation Between Elevated Biliary Biomarkers and the Presence of Choledocholithiasis: A Diagnostic Study Using ERCP as the Gold Standard
type: item
description: Background: Choledocholithiasis is a common cause of obstructive jaundice and biliary complications. Endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography (ERCP) remains the gold standard for diagnosis and treatment; however, it is an invasive procedure associated with potential complications. Therefore, identifying reliable non-invasive laboratory biomarkers to predict the presence of common bile duct (CBD) stones is essential to optimize patient selection and reduce unnecessary ERCP procedures. Aim: To evaluate the diagnostic performance of biliary and hepatic biomarkers in predicting choledocholithiasis, using ERCP as the reference gold standard. Patients and Methods: Prospective cohort included 59 patients who underwent ERCP for suspected choledocholithiasis. Laboratory parameters including alanine aminotransferase (ALT), aspartate aminotransferase (AST), alkaline phosphatase (ALP), gamma-glutamyl transferase (GGT), total bilirubin, and direct bilirubin were analyzed. Diagnostic performance was assessed using sensitivity, specificity, positive and negative predictive values (PPV and NPV), diagnostic accuracy, and receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve analysis. Optimal cut-off values were determined using the Youden index. Results: All biomarkers studied showed statistically significant differences between patients with and without choledocholithiasis (P < 0.05). Total bilirubin demonstrated the highest diagnostic performance among individual markers (AUC = 0.85), followed by direct bilirubin and GGT. Liver transaminases (ALT and AST) showed lower diagnostic accuracy. Conclusion: Total bilirubin and GGT are reliable biomarkers for predicting choledocholithiasis. Utilizing these markers may improve clinical decision-making and help reduce unnecessary ERCP procedures in patients with suspected CBD stones.
subject: SECTION D
  topic: section
subject: Choledocholithiasis
  topic: keywords
subject: ERCP
  topic: keywords
subject: Biliary Biomarkers
  topic: keywords
subject: Total Bilirubin
  topic: keywords
subject: GGT
  topic: keywords
creator: Mussaab Mohammad Ibrahim
creator: Yahya Al-Mutair
creator: Maen Moussa
rights: Copyright (c) 2026
date: 2026-08-05
publication date: 2026-08-05
starting page: 603
ending page: 617
doi: 10.66247/1qtcta19

Diagnostic and Prognostic Value of Plasma D-dimer Levels in Community-Acquired Pneumonia
type: item
description: This study analyzes the financial and operational trajectory of Al Baraka Islamic Bank – Syria during ‎2012‑2024‎. The study adopted a descriptive-analytical framework, based on a census of the published annual reports and audited financial statements for the study period. The analysis tracks total assets, deposits, investments, financing, and equity; calculates nominal growth multiples and compound annual growth rates; and examines deposit-to-asset, investment-to-asset, financing-to-asset, equity-to-asset, and financing-to-deposit ratios across four analytical phases. The results show that, in nominal terms, total assets increased by approximately 181 times between 2012 and 2024, equity by 193 times, financing by 143 times, deposits by 141 times, and investments by 84 times. Structural ratios, however, did not move in the same direction. The share of investments in total assets rose during some phases and then declined to 11.76% in 2024, while financing-to-assets remained relatively limited at the selected benchmark years. The findings indicate that nominal balance-sheet expansion alone cannot establish balanced operational growth; a combined reading of size, deployment, and financial-structure indicators is necessary. The study does not claim statistical generalization to other Islamic banks; its conclusions are analytically bounded by the case and the Syrian monetary environment.
subject: SECTION A
  topic: section
subject: financial analysis
  topic: keywords
subject: operational analysis
  topic: keywords
subject: Islamic banks
  topic: keywords
subject: financial ratios
  topic: keywords
subject: Al Baraka Islamic Bank – Syria
  topic: keywords
creator: Mustafa Yahya Akkoush
creator: Dr. Abd Aziz Al-Dughaim
creator: Dr. Muhammad Al-Hamid
rights: Copyright (c) 2026
date: 2026-08-05
publication date: 2026-08-05
starting page: 572
ending page: 602
doi: 10.66247/zpbdvg04

Diagnostic and Prognostic Value of Plasma D-dimer Levels in Community-Acquired Pneumonia
type: item
description: Community-acquired pneumonia (CAP) remains a major cause of morbidity and mortality worldwide, and early prediction of disease severity continues to represent a clinical challenge. This study aimed to evaluate the relationship between plasma D-dimer levels and CAP severity and clinical outcomes, and to compare its performance with the Pneumonia Severity Index (PSI). The study included 100 patients with CAP and 35 healthy controls. Patients were stratified according to PSI risk classes. D-dimer levels were significantly higher in patients compared with controls (p < 0.001) and showed a moderate positive correlation with PSI scores (r = 0.652). D-dimer levels increased progressively with greater disease severity and worse clinical outcomes, including the need for intensive care, empyema, and mortality (p < 0.001). In ROC analysis, D-dimer demonstrated excellent discriminative ability for predicting mortality (AUC = 0.992) and good performance in predicting severe complications, outperforming PSI in certain outcomes. Conclusion: D-dimer levels are positively associated with CAP severity and adverse clinical outcomes. D-dimer may serve as a simple and rapid adjunctive biomarker to support early risk assessment and clinical decision making within an integrated clinical evaluation framework, with need for external validation studies.
subject: SECTION D
  topic: section
subject: community acquired pneumonia
  topic: keywords
subject: coagulation
  topic: keywords
subject: D-dimer
  topic: keywords
subject: inflammation
  topic: keywords
creator: Abdulhai Tanari
rights: Copyright (c) 2026
date: 2026-08-05
publication date: 2026-08-05
starting page: 553
ending page: 571
doi: 10.66247/ve2hmc62

Comparative Efficacy of Intravenous Augmentin and Ceftriaxone in the Treatment of Community-Acquired Lobar Pneumonia in Children (5-15 Years)
type: item
description: Community-acquired lobar pneumonia in children is one of the most common causes of morbidity and hospital admission, and continues to impose an increasing health and economic burden. Global data show that lobar pneumonia remains a leading cause of child mortality. This comparative clinical study, conducted at Idlib University Hospital between 2025 and 2026, aimed to compare the therapeutic clinical response to empirical intravenous treatment with amoxicillin/clavulanate (Augmentin) versus ceftriaxone in 100 children aged (5–15 years) suffering from community-acquired lobar pneumonia, with an equal division into two groups (50/50). Therapeutic response was defined as a clear clinical improvement with the resolution of fever within 72 hours. Results showed a statistical superiority for the ceftriaxone group with a 90% recovery rate compared to 74% for Augmentin (chi-square≈4.34, p≈0.037), which indicates that ceftriaxone was associated with a 16% higher early clinical response rate within among hospitalized children in this age group.
subject: SECTION D
  topic: section
subject: Community-acquired lobar pneumonia
  topic: keywords
subject: Ceftriaxone
  topic: keywords
subject: Amoxicillin/clavulanate
  topic: keywords
subject: antimicrobial stewardship
  topic: keywords
creator: Dr. Jaber Al-Omar
creator: Dr.Mohammad alabeidan
rights: Copyright (c) 2026
date: 2026-08-05
publication date: 2026-08-05
starting page: 533
ending page: 552
doi: 10.66247/knz7jx14

Analysis of Accounting Disclosure Quality as an Approach to Reducing Accounting Information Asymmetry in Islamic Banks: A Case Study of Al Baraka Islamic Bank – Syria
type: item
description: This study analyzes the quality of accounting disclosure as an approach to reducing accounting information asymmetry in Islamic banks, with application to Al Baraka Islamic Bank – Syria over the period 2010–2024. It also interprets the disclosure trajectory in light of developments in the bank’s annual report structure and its financial and operational indicators. The study adopts a descriptive-analytical methodology and a case study approach supported by content analysis, relying on the bank’s published annual reports, financial statements, and accompanying notes. An annual disclosure index, comprising 105 items, was constructed based on the requirements of AAOIFI Financial Accounting Standard No. (1) on general presentation and disclosure<span dir="RTL" lang="AR-SA" style="font-size: 13.0pt; mso-ansi-font-size: 12.0pt; font-family: 'Simplified Arabic',serif; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA;">. The findings indicate that the disclosure index increased from 75.24% in 2010 to 99.05% during 2021–2024, reflecting the bank’s transition from foundational disclosure to a high level of disclosure maturity. The study further finds that the improvement in disclosure quality helped narrow the information asymmetry gap. The analysis of ratios and derived indicators shows that changes in the structure of assets, deposits, investments, and the financing portfolio increase the need for qualitative disclosure that explains the reported figures. The study also notes that nominal values expressed in Syrian pounds are insufficient, on their own, to infer real growth because of changes in the currency’s value. It concludes that accounting disclosure quality represents a key interpretive channel through which compliance…
subject: SECTION A
  topic: section
subject: accounting disclosure quality
  topic: keywords
subject: accounting information asymmetry
  topic: keywords
subject: Islamic banks
  topic: keywords
subject: AAOIFI
  topic: keywords
subject: Al Baraka Islamic Bank – Syria
  topic: keywords
creator: Mustafa Yahya Akkoush
creator: Dr. Abd Aziz Al-Dughaim
creator: Dr. Muhammad Al-Hamid
rights: Copyright (c) 2026
date: 2026-08-05
publication date: 2026-08-05
starting page: 502
ending page: 533
doi: 10.66247/34xa4h40

Assessment of the potential of Sunflower in Treating Some Contaminated Soils with Heavy Metals in Northwest Syria
type: item
description: Agricultural soils in Northwestern Syria are among the most affected areas by heavy metal pollution due to various anthropogenic activities, posing significant threats to agricultural productivity and environmental health. This study aimed to evaluate the ability of three sunflower cultivars (Helianthus annuus L.) — American, Spanish, and Local — to accumulate and translocate heavy metals (chromium and cobalt) in three different locations in Idlib Governorate (Daraat Azza, Harim, and Sarmada). The physical and chemical properties of the soils were analyzed, and the cultivars were grown under controlled conditions for 45 days. Heavy metal concentrations in the roots were measured using Inductively Coupled Plasma Optical Emission Spectrometry (ICP-OES) following wet digestion with aqua regia. The Bioconcentration Factor (BCF), Translocation Factor (TF), and Removal Efficiency (RE%) from the soil were calculated. The results revealed that BCF values for both elements were less than one across all treatments, indicating that sunflower exhibits excluder behavior rather than accumulative behavior. Most TF values were also below one. The removal efficiency was very low, ranging from 0.166% to 1.781% as a maximum during a single growing season. The Harim site significantly outperformed the other two sites in most parameters. Additionally, the death of the Local cultivar was observed in Daraat Azza soil, which may be attributed to the high accumulation of heavy metals in its roots. The study concluded that sunflower, under the conditions of this study, is more suitable for phytostabilization than for phytoextraction, particularly for chromium. The Spanish and Local cultivars at the Harim site demonstrated the best overall performance across most indicators.
subject: SECTION B
  topic: section
subject: Sunflower
  topic: keywords
subject: Heavy metals
  topic: keywords
subject: Bioconcentration Factor
  topic: keywords
subject: Translocation Factor
  topic: keywords
subject: Phytoremediation
  topic: keywords
subject: Phytostabilization
  topic: keywords
creator: Mohammad Tellawi
creator: Dr. Ahmad Alloush
creator: Dr. Abd Alhamid Al-Khaled
rights: Copyright (c) 2026
date: 2026-08-05
publication date: 2026-08-05
starting page: 437
ending page: 461
doi: 10.66247/yh4xqk15

The Effect of an Early Mobilization Program on Time to Return of Bowel Sounds, Pain Severity, and Urinary Output in Postoperative Patients with Intestinal Obstruction
type: item
description: Introduction: Although early mobilization is considered a promising intervention, there remains a need to evaluate its effectiveness in the local clinical context, specifically among patients undergoing surgery for intestinal obstruction. Objective: To evaluate the effect of implementing an early mobilization program on the time to return of bowel sounds, pain intensity, and urinary output in patients following surgery for intestinal obstruction. Methods: A quasi-experimental study was conducted on a convenient sample of 80 patients, equally allocated into an experimental group and a control group. The experimental group received an early mobilization program. This protocol was initiated after the patient recovered from anesthesia and continued for up to three days postoperatively. The control group received standard postoperative care only. Data were analyzed using non-parametric tests, Wilcoxon and Mann-Whitney U, due to the distribution characteristics of the data. Results: The results showed a statistically significant reduction (p ≤ 0.001) in time to bowel sounds, pain intensity, and urinary output in the experimental group compared to the control group. Conclusion and Recommendations: The study concludes that the implementation of an early mobilization program is an effective and safe non-pharmacological intervention for improving the aforementioned indicators and maintaining their stability in postoperative intestinal obstruction patients.
subject: SECTION D
  topic: section
subject: Early mobilization
  topic: keywords
subject: Intestinal obstruction surgery
  topic: keywords
subject: Time to bowel sounds
  topic: keywords
subject: Pain intensity
  topic: keywords
subject: Urinary output
  topic: keywords
creator: Mahmoud Hussein Al-Hussein,
creator: Dr. Murhaf Mohamed Aldugiem
rights: Copyright (c) 2026
date: 2026-08-05
publication date: 2026-08-05
starting page: 418
ending page: 436
doi: 10.66247/300s6728

The Effect of Relaxation Techniques on Vital Signs in Hemodialysis Patients
type: item
description: Introduction: Patients undergoing hemodialysis often experience fluctuations in vital signs during dialysis sessions, necessitating the search for safe and effective non-pharmacological interventions to support their physiological stability. Objective: To evaluate the effect of applying relaxation techniques on the vital signs of hemodialysis patients. Materials and Methods: The study consisted of 80 patients equally distributed into two groups (experimental and control). The experimental group received a set of relaxation techniques (including deep breathing, progressive muscle relaxation, positive guided imagery, and mindfulness meditation) during hemodialysis sessions, while the control group received routine nursing care only. Vital signs (pulse rate, respiratory rate, systolic and diastolic blood pressure) were measured before and after the intervention in both groups. Data were analyzed using non-parametric tests (Wilcoxon & Mann–Whitney) due to the nature of the data distribution. Results: The results showed a highly statistically significant decrease (p ≤ 0.001) in pulse rate, respiratory rate, systolic and diastolic blood pressure among the experimental group compared to the control group, with large effect sizes recorded, reflecting the practical effectiveness of the intervention. Conclusion and Recommendations: The study concludes that applying relaxation techniques is an effective and safe non-pharmacological intervention for improving and maintaining the stability of vital signs in hemodialysis patients during dialysis sessions. The study recommends incorporating these techniques into routine nursing care protocols, with the need for future long-term, multi-center studies with a larger sample size to assess the sustainability of the physiological effects and the underlying mechanisms.
subject: SECTION D
  topic: section
subject: Relaxation Techniques
  topic: keywords
subject: Vital Signs
  topic: keywords
subject: Hemodialysis Patients
  topic: keywords
creator: Saad Duaymis
creator: Dr. Murhaf Dughaym
rights: Copyright (c) 2026
date: 2026-08-05
publication date: 2026-08-05
starting page: 393
ending page: 417
doi: 10.66247/bk2qtg62

Preparation of Cationic Surfactants Using Sunflower Oil
type: item
description: Through this study, it has been shown that cationic surfactants can be synthesized by separating fatty acids from a vegetable oil, and introducing them in a series of reactions (Methanolic Esterification, followed by Di-ethanol amide production through a reaction between the Methanolic Ester and Di-ethanolamine, then a new Esterification for the Hydroxylic groups by a pure and natural fatty acid, At the end, we can convert it to Quaternary Ammonium Salts in a presences of Hydrogen Chloride) resulting in cationic materials of Greasy texture and able to reduce surface tension at a low financial cost compared to those prepared from industrial sources. The reaction yield has exceeded 85% in most of its stages. and the final compounds reduced the surface tension of water about 50% when it was used at 0.25gr/100ml concentration.
subject: SECTION D
  topic: section
subject: Surfactant
  topic: keywords
subject: , Surface tension
  topic: keywords
subject: Cationic Substances
  topic: keywords
subject: Sunflower Oil
  topic: keywords
subject: Infra-Red Spectroscopy (FT-IR)
  topic: keywords
subject: Wave Number
  topic: keywords
subject: Bending Vibration
  topic: keywords
subject: Stretching Vibration.
  topic: keywords
creator: Adnan Elizzo
creator: , Dr. Ayham Aljunde
creator: Dr. Khaled Altawil
rights: Copyright (c) 2026
date: 2026-08-05
publication date: 2026-08-05
starting page: 366
ending page: 392
doi: 10.66247/ec0qt825

Determination of Nitrite Ions Levels in Some Types of Meat Marketed in Northwest Syria and Assessment of Health Risks
type: item
description: Nitrite is among the most prominent food additives used in meat processing. However, their presence in concentrations exceeding permissible limits may pose a health threat to consumers due to their association with carcinogenic effects. Given the increasing rates of cancer in recent years, coinciding with wartime conditions and weakened food safety regulations, the need arose to conduct a study to determine nitrite levels in some processed meat products marketed locally. The study examined a group of commonly consumed processed meat samples. To achieve this, the modified Grace method based on sulfanilamide and NED was applied. The number of samples studied was 72, collected from specific geographical areas between January and March 2023. Nitrite levels were determined using spectrophotometry. The results showed that all processed meat samples contained nitrite concentrations, but these were below the permissible limit (100 mg/kg) according to European standards. Furthermore, an assessment of consumer exposure risks to nitrites was conducted, and the risk index (HQ < 1) indicated no anticipated health risks to consumers of processed meat sold in northwest Syria.
subject: SECTION D
  topic: section
subject: nitrites
  topic: keywords
subject: marketed meat
  topic: keywords
subject: , UV-Vis device
  topic: keywords
subject: health risks
  topic: keywords
creator: Saleh Najjar
creator: د.حسين العمر
creator: د. أحمد حلبي
rights: Copyright (c) 2026
date: 2026-08-05
publication date: 2026-08-05
starting page: 538
ending page: 550
doi: 10.66247/hb7h6k97

The Ability of Carbon Fibers to Increase the Collapse Load of a Reinforced Concrete Walls under High Lateral Pressure
type: item
description: This study aims to investigate the behavior of reinforced concrete walls strengthened with carbon fibers when subjected to high lateral pressure caused by an explosion. The focus initially is on determining the pressure wave generated by a 250 kg TNT-equivalent explosive charge, followed by an analysis of the wall's resistance to dynamic loads and an assessment of the effectiveness of carbon fibers in enhancing structural performance and reducing explosion-induced damage. The study was conducted using numerical models through the finite element method to simulate the impact of the blast wave on the wall, with results compared between conventional reinforced concrete walls and those reinforced with carbon fibers. The results showed that reinforcing concrete walls with carbon fibers improves their resistance to explosions by reducing cracking and increasing the wall’s capacity to withstand dynamic loads. Based on these findings, the study recommends the use of carbon fibers as part of a strategy to strengthen critical structures exposed to explosion risks, thereby enhancing structural safety and minimizing losses caused by severe loading conditions.
subject: SECTION B
  topic: section
subject: : Reinforced concrete structures
  topic: keywords
subject: Carbon fibers
  topic: keywords
subject: Dynamic load
  topic: keywords
creator: Lubna Ahmed Nour
creator: Dr. Abbas Al-Haj Abbas
creator: Dr. Mustafa Taleb
rights: Copyright (c) 2026
date: 2026-08-05
publication date: 2026-08-05
starting page: 510
ending page: 537
doi: 10.66247/1n811k37

The Relationship of the Nozzle Exit Gas Velocity with the Combustion Chamber Pressure of Solid Propellant Engines
type: item
description: This research included an analytical study of the nozzle theory for solid propellant rockets, And the basic concepts on which the nozzle theory depends. This research studied and concluded the relationship between the exit gases velocity and the pressure of combustion chamber in the solid propellant rockets, which is one of the most useful relationships, in addition to the relationship of the cross-sectional ratio (the nozzle exit area to the nozzle throat area), which determines the optimum expansion ratio for the nozzle. The research also included some calculations related to the study and design of the nozzle, where the velocity of gas flow at the nozzle exit was calculated as a function of the combustion chamber pressure, drawing the relationship curve between them, calculating the optimum expansion ratio for the nozzle and the diameter of the nozzle exit, for one of the types of propellant, which is potassium nitrate-sorbitol (KNSB).
subject: SECTION B
  topic: section
subject: Isentropic Flow
  topic: keywords
subject: Nozzle Throat
  topic: keywords
subject: De Laval Nozzle
  topic: keywords
subject: Combustion Chamber Pressure
  topic: keywords
subject: Nozzle Exit Velocity
  topic: keywords
creator: En. Mohammed Hadid
creator: Dr. Ijlal Hesari
creator: Dr. Abd Alrahman Nawwar
creator: Dr. Ahmad Almajid
rights: Copyright (c) 2026
date: 2026-08-05
publication date: 2026-08-05
starting page: 487
ending page: 509
doi: 10.66247/9c7egc63

The Effect of the Number of Magnetic Fields on Irrigation Water and Their Impact on Soil Cultivated with Maize
type: item
description: The research was conducted in 2024 to impact of increasing the number of magnetic fields and the type of irrigation water on properties of water and soil cultivated with maize (Zea mays L.) was evaluated. The results showed that increasing the number of magnetic fields significantly affected the physical and chemical properties of water, as magnetization gradually reduced viscosity from 1.0239 mPa·s in the non-magnetized treatment (NM) to 0.9319 mPa·s in the treatment with eight fields (M3). Surface tension decreased from 70.78 to 65.46 mN/m, and density from 1.00214 to 0.99981 g/cm³. Electrical conductivity (ECi) also decreased from 4.0167 to 3.8978 ds/m, while nitrate concentration increased from 29.03 to 30.82 ppm with the increase in fields, indicating enhanced chemical transformations. In soil, magnetization gradually raised pH from 7.306 in NM to 7.536 in M3, and increased organic matter from 1.198% to 1.363%. It also contributed to reducing salt accumulation, as sodium concentration decreased from 301 to 263 ppm, chloride from 655.9 to 603.2 ppm, and soil electrical conductivity (ECe) from 2.733 to 2.436 ds/m. These results confirm that magnetic treatment is an effective tool for improving water quality and reducing soil salinity, thereby enhancing agricultural soil fertility.
subject: SECTION B
  topic: section
subject: Magnetic water
  topic: keywords
subject: magnetic fields
  topic: keywords
subject: Physical properties of water
  topic: keywords
subject: Chemical properties of soil
  topic: keywords
subject: Maize
  topic: keywords
subject: Salts
  topic: keywords
creator: Mohamad Bananah
creator: Dr. Ziyad Aboud
creator: Dr. Mohammed Al-Absi
creator: Dr. Muhammed Al-Suvaid
rights: Copyright (c) 2026
date: 2026-08-05
publication date: 2026-08-05
starting page: 458
ending page: 486
doi: 10.66247/sfz88k16

Impact of Physical Condition of Paper Plans on Cadastral Digitization Accuracy: An Applied Study in Idlib Governorate
type: item
description: This study aims to evaluate the impact of the physical condition of paper cadastral plans (such as tearing, humidity, and wear) on the accuracy of digitization and georeferencing processes in the Idlib Governorate, particularly given the challenges imposed by the war on the cadastral archive. The research adopted a comparative analytical methodology using six cadastral plans with varying scales (1:500 and 1:2000) and physical states (good, medium, and poor). The Triangulation Method based on Delaunay’s algorithm was employed to address paper distortions. The results demonstrated a strong direct correlation between the degree of map damage and the increase in the Root Mean Square Error (RMSE) for positional accuracy, which reached 1.10 m in torn maps. However, a crucial finding revealed that the accuracy of area calculations remained high, with relative area deviations not exceeding 2%, falling within internationally accepted limits. The study concludes that the damaged cadastral archive in Idlib is valid for digitization and can be relied upon for property documentation and reconstruction efforts, taking into account the potential spatial error margins in severely damaged plans
subject: SECTION B
  topic: section
subject: Cadastral Digitization
  topic: keywords
subject: Physical Condition
  topic: keywords
subject: Area Accuracy
  topic: keywords
subject: Georeferencing
  topic: keywords
subject: Root Mean Square Error (RMSE
  topic: keywords
creator: Eng. Hasan Al-Ibrahim
creator: Dr. Rami Badaw
creator: Dr.Abbas Abbas
rights: Copyright (c) 2026
date: 2026-08-05
publication date: 2026-08-05
starting page: 440
ending page: 457
doi: 10.66247/qfxe5z49

Effect of Omega-3 Unsaturated Fatty Acid Injection on some reproductive, hormonal, and blood parameters during the breeding season in Awassi ewes
type: item
description: This study aimed to evaluate the effect of intramuscular injection of unsaturated fatty acid omega-3 on reproductive indicators (estrus intensification%, pregnancy rate%, litter size, prolificacy%) as well as blood and hormonal indicators (total cholesterol and progesterone) in Syrian Awassi ewes during the breeding season. A total of 48 ewes were used, divided into two equal groups: an experimental group (injected with 3 ml of omega3 three times at 15-day intervals) and a control group (injected with physiological saline). Blood samples were collected weekly to measure cholesterol and progesterone concentrations. After the injections were completed, rams were introduced for mating when estrus appeared, with 4 rams allocated to each group, and reproductive indicators were recorded. The results showed significant differences (P ≤ 0.05) in favor of the experimental group compared to the control group in most reproductive indicators (estrus intensification, mating period, pregnancy rate, litter size, prolificacy), while no significant differences were found in twin and single birth rates between the two groups. Total cholesterol (74.2 vs. 57.5 mg/dL) and progesterone (5.79 vs. 3.53 ng/dL) concentrations increased at the end of the experiment in the omega3 group compared to the control, with a significant gradual increase observed over the weeks of the experiment. We conclude that intramuscular injection of omega3 improves fertility and pregnancy rates (P ≤ 0.05(in Awassi ewes by supporting progesterone production and its precursor is cholesterol, thus recommending its use to enhance reproductive efficiency in sheep flocks.
subject: SECTION D
  topic: section
subject: Omega 3
  topic: keywords
subject: Progesterone
  topic: keywords
subject: Breeding season
  topic: keywords
subject: Awassi Ewes
  topic: keywords
creator: Abd alkader saflo
creator: Dr. Mohamad Zuher Al-Ahmad
creator: Assit. Prof.Dr. Mahmod Alrashed
creator: Dr. Abdul-Mounem Al-Yasen
rights: Copyright (c) 2026
date: 2026-08-05
publication date: 2026-08-05
starting page: 420
ending page: 439
doi: 10.66247/47x2y298

Impact of Region and Gender on the Spread of Theileria in Arabian Horses in Northwestern Syria
type: item
description: Equine theileriosis is a common parasitic disease affecting horses worldwide; however, its presence in Syria in general, and in the northern regions in particular, remains insufficiently documented. This study aimed to compare the prevalence of Theileria equi infection in Arabian horses according to geographic region and sex, based on a serological survey of blood samples collected from horses in northern Syria within the governorates of Idlib and Aleppo. A total of 110 Arabian horses aged between 2 and 25 years were included. Blood samples were collected from all animals and tested using the competitive enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (cELISA). Serological testing revealed the presence of antibodies against T. equi in 37% of horses in Idlib and 60% of horses in Aleppo, with a statistically significant difference between the two regions (p<0.05).
subject: SECTION D
  topic: section
subject: ELISA
  topic: keywords
subject: horses
  topic: keywords
subject: Syria
  topic: keywords
subject: PCR
  topic: keywords
subject: theileriosis
  topic: keywords
creator: Mohamed Abduljawad
creator: Mohammad Al-Sabi
creator: D. Turke Shawaf
creator: D. Ayham Abdulkader
rights: Copyright (c) 2026
date: 2026-08-05
publication date: 2026-08-05
starting page: 407
ending page: 419
doi: 10.66247/p9g0sf39

"Determination of Sterol Content in Some Vegetable Oils and Study of their Biological Activity as Antioxidants"
type: item
description: Plant-derived phytosterols, as naturally occurring constituents in plants, have attracted increasing attention due to the association between their consumption and a reduced risk of cardiovascular diseases and cancer. Extraction procedures and separation methods for sterol compounds were applied to eleven vegetable oil samples obtained from the local market. Brassicasterol, Campesterol, Stigmasterol, and β-Sitosterol were quantitatively determined using HPLC-DAD. The mobile phase consisted of a mixture of (Acetonitrile : 0.1% Formic acid in Water) in a ratio of (80:20)% v/v. β-Sitosterol was found to be the predominant sterol in all analyzed oils. Among the tested samples, evening primrose oil exhibited the highest total sterol content, indicating its potential nutritional and therapeutic value due to its sterol-rich composition. Furthermore, the antioxidant activity of the investigated phytosterols was evaluated using a rapid spectrophotometric method based on 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) radical scavenging. Notably, the coconut oil extract exhibited a significantly higher IC₅₀ value (2643.40 µg.mL-1) compared with the evening primrose oil extract (134.95 µg.mL-1), indicating a stronger antioxidant activity for evening primrose oil under the applied experimental conditions.
subject: SECTION B
  topic: section
creator: Jamal. Al-haleb
creator: Ahmed. Abo Hjer
creator: Ibrahim hasani
rights: Copyright (c) 2026
date: 2026-08-05
publication date: 2026-08-05
starting page: 377
ending page: 406
doi: 10.66247/83ef5b39

Solid-phase Extraction (SPE) Combined with Digital Colorimetry as an Eco-friendly Method for the Separation and Quantification of Cephalexin in Pharmaceutical Preparations
type: item
description: The aim of this study was to develop a simple and green analytical method for the determination of cephalexin, based on solid-phase extraction (SPE) followed by digital image colorimetry (DIC) as an environmentally friendly alternative to conventional chromatographic methods. Initially, a C18 cartridge was activated using 3 mL of methanol and then equilibrated with 3 mL of distilled water. After passing 10 mL of the aqueous sample through the cartridge, the active compound was eluted with a small volume (2 mL) of methanol. The eluate was evaporated and the residue was reconstituted in 50 µL of sodium hydroxide. The colorimetric reaction was then performed on filter paper by adding 10 µL of the reagent and 10 µL of the sample, and the resulting color was recorded using an LED light (1A, 12V) and captured with a mobile phone camera. The results demonstrated that the developed method provides accurate and reliable analysis with an acceptable linear range of 1–16 µg/mL and good correlation coefficients (R² > 0.9917). The limit of detection (LOD) was 0.027 µg/mL, and the limit of quantification (LOQ) was 0.088 µg/mL. The method showed good precision, with relative standard deviation (RSD%) values not exceeding 0.56% for intra-day precision and 1.52% for inter-day precision. Recovery values ranged from 100.16–101% for the Cefalex S2 syrup sample and 98.25–101.6% for the Cefalex C2 capsule sample, with a notable reduction in organic solvent and energy consumption. The total penalty points (PPs) for the green assessment of the developed method were only 6, compared to 26 points for the reference HPLC method, confirming its superiority in terms of environmental friendliness and sustainability.
subject: SECTION B
  topic: section
subject: Cefalexin
  topic: keywords
subject: SPE
  topic: keywords
subject: DIC
  topic: keywords
subject: Green Chemistry
  topic: keywords
creator: Asmaa Almadani
creator: Dr. Ahmad Halabi
creator: Waleed Alahmad
rights: Copyright (c) 2026
date: 2026-08-05
publication date: 2026-08-05
starting page: 349
ending page: 376
doi: 10.66247/01r68r49

Determination of Cefalexin in Pharmaceutical Formulations: A Comparative Study Between the Digital Image Colorimetry (DIC) Method and the Reference RP-HPLC Method
type: item
description: This study aims to perform a precise statistical comparison between the developed Digital Image Colorimetry (DIC) method for the determination of cephalexin in pharmaceutical formulations and the reference method adopted by the British Pharmacopoeia (HPLC–BP). The developed method represents a simple and environmentally friendly analytical approach for drug analysis, without the need for large volumes of organic solvents or sophisticated chromatographic instrumentation. Two pharmaceutical samples (C1 and S1) were analyzed using both methods, and the effect of measurement time after complex formation on result accuracy was investigated. A measurement time of 4 minutes was found to be optimal for recording the color intensity. The results obtained from both methods were statistically analyzed using T and F tests to evaluate the agreement in terms of accuracy and precision. The findings showed no significant differences between the values obtained by the two methods at a significance level of P > 0.05, confirming that the developed method can be adopted as an environmentally friendly, cost-effective, and time-saving alternative to the reference method. Moreover, the greenness assessment of the methods indicated that the DIC approach is more consistent with the principles of green chemistry, due to its lower consumption of solvents, time, and energy compared to the HPLC reference method. The total analytical eco-scale penalty points (PPs) for the developed method were only 6, in contrast to 26 points for the reference HPLC method, emphasizing its superiority in terms of environmental friendliness and sustainability.
subject: SECTION B
  topic: section
subject: Cefalexin
  topic: keywords
subject: SPE
  topic: keywords
subject: DIC
  topic: keywords
subject: Green Chemistry
  topic: keywords
creator: Asmaa Almadani,
creator: Dr. Ahmad Halabi
creator: Waleed Alahmad
rights: Copyright (c) 2026
date: 2026-08-05
publication date: 2026-08-05
starting page: 325
ending page: 348
doi: 10.66247/nq56h968

Evaluation of Low-Melting Pb–Sn Alloys as Shielding Materials for X-Ray and Gamma Radiation
type: item
description: This study explores the preparation and characterization of low-melting binary alloys in the lead–tin (Pb–Sn) system as potential reduced-lead shielding materials for X-ray and gamma-ray applications. The alloys were fabricated using two preparation routes: the melt-spinning technique to produce thin ribbons suitable for X-ray measurements, and the conventional melting–casting method for samples used in gamma-ray attenuation measurements. The investigation involved determining the melting temperatures and evaluating key radiation shielding parameters, including the linear attenuation coefficient (<!-- [if gte msEquation 12]><m:oMath><m:r>μ</m:r></m:oMath><![endif]--> ) and the half-value layer (<!-- [if gte msEquation 12]><m:oMath><m:r>HVL</m:r></m:oMath><![endif]--> ), across different photon energy ranges. The performance of the prepared alloys was assessed based on multiple criteria, namely radiation attenuation efficiency, low melting temperature, and reduced lead content as an indicator of potentially lower toxicity. The results reveal that both <!-- [if gte msEquation 12]><m:oMath><m:d><m:dPr><m:ctrlPr></m:ctrlPr></m:dPr><m:e><m:r>μ</m:r></m:e></m:d></m:oMath><![endif]--> and <!-- [if gte msEquation 12]><m:oMath><m:d><m:dPr><m:ctrlPr></m:ctrlPr></m:dPr><m:e><m:r>HVL</m:r></m:e></m:d></m:oMath><![endif]--> strongly depend on photon energy and alloy composition. A gradual reduction in the attenuation coefficient was observed with decreasing lead content. Among the investigated compositions, the eutectic alloy (<!-- [if gte msEquation 12]><m:oMath><m:r>Pb</m:r><m:r>₃₈.₁</m:r><m:r>Sn</m:r><m:r>₆₁.₉</m:r></m:oMath><![endif]--> ) exhibits a favorable balance between shielding effectiveness and thermal characteristics, with a melting temperature of approximately <!-- [if gte msEquation 12]><m:oMath><m:d><m:dPr><m:ctrlPr></m:ctrlPr></m:dPr><m:e><m:r>183 °</m:r><m:r>C</m:r></m:e></m:d></m:oMath><![endif]--> . Although its attenuation capability is slightly lower than t…
subject: SECTION B
  topic: section
subject: Radiation shielding
  topic: keywords
subject: Pb–Sn alloys
  topic: keywords
subject: ; Linear attenuation coefficient
  topic: keywords
subject: Half-value layer (HVL);
  topic: keywords
subject: X-rays
  topic: keywords
subject: Gamma rays
  topic: keywords
subject: Low-melting materials
  topic: keywords
subject: Medical radiation applications
  topic: keywords
creator: Saeed Mando
rights: Copyright (c) 2026
date: 2026-08-05
publication date: 2026-08-05
starting page: 304
ending page: 324
doi: 10.66247/txcyax02

Low-Cost Alternatives for the Hole Transport Layer Spiro-OMeTAD in Lead-Free Perovskite Solar Cells Using Numerical Simulation
type: item
description: Lead‑free perovskites such as CsSnI₃ are promising absorber for sustainable solar energy; however, their performance is highly dependent on the choice of hole transport layer (HTL). In this work, SCAPS‑1D simulations (calibrated with experimental data) were employed to investigate a wide range of materials (Cu₂O, CZTSe, CBTS, CuSCN, CuO, Spiro‑IA, MoO₃, PTAA, GaAs, CuSbS₂, MoS₂, P3HT, PEDOT:PSS, CIS) as low‑cost alternatives to Spiro‑OMeTAD. Results indicate that the short‑circuit current density (Jsc) remained nearly constant in the range of (30–32 mA/cm²) for most cases, while the open‑circuit voltage (Voc) and fill factor (FF) varied depending on the material. Materials such as Cu₂O, CZTSe, and CBTS achieved the highest efficiencies (PCE ≈ 20–21%) with (Voc ≈ 0.91 V) and (FF ≈ 70–72%). They were followed by CuSCN, CuO, and Spiro‑IA, which exhibited good efficiencies (PCE ≈ 19–20%) with (Voc ≈ 0.88–0.89 V) and (FF ≈ 67–69%). Other materials such as MoO₃, PTAA, and GaAs showed acceptable efficiencies (PCE ≈ 17–18%) with (Voc ≈ 0.88–0.90 V) and (FF ≈ 63–66%), whereas CuSbS₂, MoS₂, P3HT, PEDOT:PSS, and CIS were lower efficiencies (PCE ≈ 15–16%) with (Voc ≈ 0.81–0.85 V) and (FF ≈ 54–60%). This study confirms that the availability of several HTL layers that can serve as low‑cost alternatives to Spiro‑OMeTAD.
subject: SECTION B
  topic: section
subject: Perovskite solar cells
  topic: keywords
subject: lead free CsSnI₃
  topic: keywords
subject: hole transport layer (HTL)
  topic: keywords
subject: SCAPS 1D
  topic: keywords
subject: , power conversion efficiency (PCE)
  topic: keywords
subject: Spiro OMeTAD
  topic: keywords
creator: Mohammad Sharabi
creator: Mwaffak Rukiah
creator: Saeed Mando
rights: Copyright (c) 2026
date: 2026-08-05
publication date: 2026-08-05
starting page: 280
ending page: 302
doi: 10.66247/61spgp83

Numerical Simulation of Low Cost Gold Alternatives for Performance Improvement in Lead Free Perovskite Solar Cells
type: item
description: Lead-free perovskites such as CsSnI₃ are promising absorbers for sustainable solar energy; however, their performance is highly dependent on the choice of back contact layer. In this work, SCAPS-1D simulations (calibrated with experimental data) were employed to investigate a wide range of materials (Al, Cr, Mo, Cu, Ag, Fe, rGO, C, Ni, W) as alternatives to gold. Results indicate that the short-circuit current density (Jsc) remains nearly constant at 31.8 mA/cm² for most cases, while the open-circuit voltage (Voc) and fill factor (FF) vary depending on the material work function. Gold exhibited a power conversion efficiency (PCE ≈ 17.4%), (Voc ≈ 0.886 V), (FF ≈ 61%), whereas tungsten (WF = 5.22 eV) achieved the highest efficiency (PCE ≈ 20.16%), (Voc ≈ 0.91 V), (FF ≈ 70%), followed by nickel with (PCE ≈ 18.78%), (Voc ≈ 0.90 V), (FF ≈ 65%). Carbon-based electrodes also demonstrated competitive performance with an efficiency of (14.5%), making them a stable and low-cost alternative. This study confirms that selecting of the back contact layer, based on energy level alignment and interfacial properties, is a critical factor in enhancing the performance of lead-free CsSnI₃ solar cells.
subject: SECTION B
  topic: section
subject: perovskite solar cells (PSC)
  topic: keywords
subject: lead-free CsSnI₃
  topic: keywords
subject: ₃, back contact layer
  topic: keywords
subject: SCAPS-1D simulation
  topic: keywords
subject: power conversion efficiency (PCE)
  topic: keywords
subject: low-cost alternatives to gold.
  topic: keywords
creator: Mohammad Sharabi
creator: Mwaffak Rukiah
creator: Saeed Mando
rights: Copyright (c) 2026
date: 2026-08-05
publication date: 2026-08-05
starting page: 254
ending page: 279
doi: 10.66247/m1w8w638

The Influence of Impression Management (IM) on Organizational Silence (OS) (A Field Study on Workers in Non-Governmental Organizations (NGOs) in Northwestern Syria)
type: item
description: The study aimed to examine the impact of (IM) on (OS) among employees in (NGOs) and to measure the effects of self-promotion, ingratiation, intimidation, and supplication on organizational silence. The study adopted the descriptive approach and used a questionnaire as the main data collection tool from the study population. The sample consisted of (403) employees in the organizations under study. The study also employed statistical methods available in SPSS, including descriptive statistics, correlation coefficients, and regression analysis, in order to analyze the data and test the hypotheses. The study results revealed a statistically significant moderate positive relationship between (IM) and (OS), with a correlation coefficient of (r = 0.42). (IM) explained approximately (18.1%) of the variance in (OS). The results of multiple regression analysis also indicated a significant relationship between the combined dimensions of (IM) and (OS), where (OS) was positively associated with (self-promotion and ingratiation) and negatively associated with (intimidation and supplication). Collectively, these dimensions explained about (39%) of the variance in (OS) according to the coefficience of determination (R² = 0.39). The results of the stepwise multiple regression analysis demonstrated a significant effect of (IM) dimensions on administrative and organizational reasons, explaining (50.7%) of the variance. The findings also indicated that (intimidation and ingratiation) significantly affected isolation, explaining (29%) of its variance, while the explained variance for lack of experience was (9.9%).
subject: SECTION A
  topic: section
subject: Impression Management (IM)
  topic: keywords
subject: Organizational Silence (OS),
  topic: keywords
subject: NGOs in Northwestern Syria
  topic: keywords
creator: Khaled Sabra
creator: Prof. Ahmad ALyousef
creator: Asst. Prof. Dr. Waheed Abdan
rights: Copyright (c) 2026
date: 2026-08-05
publication date: 2026-08-05
starting page: 224
ending page: 253
doi: 10.66247/k8vgh988

The Influence of Ingratiation and Intimidation in Creative Thinking Skills (A Field Study on Workers in Non-Government Organizations (NGOs) in Northwestern Syria)
type: item
description: The study aimed to explore the impact of managers both impression management styles, ingratiation and intimidation, in employees’ creative thinking skills in non-government organizations operating in northwest Syria. The study adopted the descriptive approach and used a questionnaire as the primary tool for data collection. The study sample consisted of (403) employees working in (NGOs) in northwest Syria, distributed between international organizations (60.3%) and local organizations (39.7%). The study also employed statistical methods provided by SPSS Statistics to analyze the data and test the hypotheses. The results showed that employees in the studied organizations perceive that managers practice ingratiation at a high level, with a mean score of (3.708), while intimidation is practiced at a lower level, with a mean score of (2.564). All dimensions of creative thinking skills recorded mean scores above the neutral value (3), indicating a high level of these skills among employees. Moreover, the relationship between ingratiation and creative thinking skills, on the one hand, was found to be weak, with a correlation coefficient (r = 0.181), where ingratiation explained variations in fluence, originality, flexibility, and overall creative thinking skills by (2.3%), (4.7%), and (3.3%) respectively. Intimidation, on the other hand, explained variations in problem sensitivity and risk skills by (1.5%) and (1.1%) respectively. The combined effect of both ingratiation and intimidation on creative thinking skills was also limited, with a coefficient of determination (R² = 0.05), meaning that only (5%) of the variance was explained.
subject: SECTION A
  topic: section
subject: Ingratiation
  topic: keywords
subject: Intimidation
  topic: keywords
subject: Creative Thinking Skills
  topic: keywords
subject: NGOs in Northwestern Syria.
  topic: keywords
creator: Khaled Sabra
creator: Prof. Ahmad ALyousef
creator: & Asst. Prof. Dr. Waheed Abdan
rights: Copyright (c) 2026
date: 2026-08-05
publication date: 2026-08-05
starting page: 194
ending page: 224
doi: 10.66247/a7h9dj33

A study of the Impact of Inflation on Return on Equity in Private Commercial Banks Listed on the Damascus Securities Exchange
type: item
description: This study aims to EXAMINE the effect of inflation on the return on equity in private commercial banks listed on the Damascus Securities Exchange. Financial data extracted from the financial statements of the studied banks was used, on a quarterly basis, and the descriptive approach was adopted. This was done by using books, research, studies, scientific journals, periodic bulletins and reports, financial data, reports and budgets published by the studied banks, and publications of the Central Bank of Syria. The study variables were extracted from these, and then statistical analysis was carried out on the data of these banks, (11) bank, for the time series (2011-2024) using the statistical program (EVIEWS10) by following the DATA PANEL methodology. The study results showed that there is a positive effect of inflation on the return on equity of private Syrian commercial banks in the short term, which appears after two quarters. This effect turns into a negative effect starting from the third slowdown period, and this negative effect continues in the long term. The value of the error correction factor for the estimated model shows that private commercial banks do not have the efficiency to manage inflation risks, as they need a year to return to the equilibrium position.
subject: SECTION A
  topic: section
subject: Inflation
  topic: keywords
subject: , return on equity
  topic: keywords
subject: private commercial banks
  topic: keywords
subject: banking financial performance
  topic: keywords
subject: panel data time series
  topic: keywords
creator: Mohamed Fadi Abdel Moneim Shockfah
rights: Copyright (c) 2026
date: 2026-08-05
publication date: 2026-08-05
starting page: 164
ending page: 193
doi: 10.66247/sq9syr11