Structural Analysis of Locally Frepared Lead Oxide and Graphene Via X-Ray Diffraction (XRD)

Abstract

This study presents a practical approach for the synthesis and characterization of two significant materials: lead oxide and graphene, prepared from local sources using low-cost laboratory techniques. Lead oxide was extracted from used lead-acid batteries through a ball-milling method, and its crystalline structure was characterized using X-ray diffraction (XRD). Graphene, on the other hand, was prepared via electrochemical exfoliation of commercial pencil leads using sodium sulfate electrolyte. The XRD analysis confirmed the presence of pure graphite phases along with traces of residual electrolyte. The findings highlight the feasibility of producing structurally viable materials for energy applications using accessible, low-resource techniques, thus offering promising pathways for sustainable material development in developing regions.